PEAES Guide: The Historical Society of Pennsylvania




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The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 1300 Locust Street Philadelphia, PA 19107 215-732-6200 http://www.hsp.org Overview: The entries in this survey highlight some of the most important collections, as well as some of the smaller gems, that researchers will find valuable in their work on the early American economy. Together, they are a representative sampling of the range of manuscript collections at HSP, but scholars are urged to pursue fruitful lines of inquiry to locate and use the scores of additional materials in each area that is surveyed here. There are numerous helpful unprinted guides at HSP that index or describe large collections. Some of these are listed below, especially when they point in numerous directions for research. In addition, the HSP has a printed Guide to the Manuscript Collections of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania (HSP: Philadelphia, 1991), which includes an index of proper names; it is not especially helpful for searching specific topics, item names, of subject areas. In addition, entries in the Guide are frequently too brief to explain the richness of many collections. Finally, although the on-line guide to the manuscript collections is generally a reproduction of the Guide, it is at present being updated, corrected, and expanded. This survey does not contain a separate section on land acquisition, surveying, usage, conveyance, or disputes, but there is much information about these subjects in the individual collections reviewed below. Researchers who are interested in these topics are urged to consult papers and volumes within especially the large collections noted below, and to consult with the librarians at HSP. In the extensive Revolutionary war records held at HSP, this survey itemizes only some of the prominent collections directly related to economic activities. Scholars are urged to browse the on-line catalogue for commissary and quartermaster records, as well as the order books, as well as the very small accounts blended into various large collections. The HSP library contains thousands of secondary titles on the subjects of commerce, shopkeeping, milling and other productive enterprises in the city and near countryside, agriculture, finance, and other early national and antebellum economic activities. Please consult the on-line guide. In addition, the HSP's manuscript collections, which are the major focus of this survey's entries, may be supplemented with printed primary sources -- including the writings of contemporaries, diaries, narratives of voyages and travels, addresses and commentary on legislation, and much more -- in all of the topic areas covered in this survey. Finally, this survey includes only brief coverage of City Directories, newspapers, census records, oaths and orations, compilations of wills, deeds, church records, tax lists, cemetery records, genealogical notes, graphics, trade cards, and ephemera. In the HSP, Miscellaneous Manuscripts Collection, 1661-1931 (200 linear ft.) are numerous gems for the economic historian to peruse and incorporate into research. A few are noted here. The economics of running wars and organizing armies is documented in the numerous military accounts in this collection, including the frontier wars, Revolution, Whiskey Rebellion, privateering in the West Indies, and Napoleonic Wars. There are voluminous apprenticeship indentures, 1677-1849. There are various legal disputes about ship cargoes and shipping ownership, 1682-1838. There are post-Revolutionary claims documents made by British former colonists against America, and Americans against the English government. Scattered throughout the shelves of documents are numerous important accounts of imports and exports over the years 1690 to 1860; passenger lists during the Revolutionary period; and petitions of various small businesses against the coming of the railroad around Philadelphia, 1818-1902. Medical economics is documented in the yellow fever records in this collection, too, for 1793. Years ago, the HSP collated hundreds of minor business and port records into large collections. Three of these have been known as the Collection of Business, Professional, and Personal Accounts, 1676-1904 (535 vols.); Miscellaneous Professional and Personal Business Papers, 1732-1945 (253 vols.); and Business, Professional, and Personal Accounts, 1734-1936 (107 vols.). During 2001 and 2002, these large collections were reviewed and re-collated into the American Business Records (AMB) collection, and a number of volumes that had been individually shelved at HSP were added. Included are volumes of accounts documenting voyages of various early national ships, important early manufacturing ventures, craftsmen's production, retailing, and other economic activities. But above all, this collection contains hundreds of account books, journals, and ledgers of Philadelphia area merchants. Merchant, shopkeeper, farmer, and artisan records for the period before 1860 include: Thomas Aldred farm records, 1821-1864 Nehemiah Allen Samuel V. Anderson, grocer records, 1835-1837, grocers Anderson Manufacturing Co., Lancaster, PA Andrews and Meredith Isaac and Joseph Archer William Armstrong James Armstrong, Ledger 1771-1843, documents a shoemaker and farm laborer William Ashurst Atkins & Hughes Backhouse, Jones, and Backhouse Robert and Francis Bailey E. Headley Bailey & Co., Customs House protests, 1890s Abel Baker and William Sill Pennell Baker, Account book, 1844-1858, was an internal merchant at Media, PA, with partnerships in Cincinnati, New Orleans, and other rising cities. Charles Baker, John and Samuel Baker, Godfrey Baker and Co. John Batho Peter Baynton Baynton, Wharton, & Morgan, merchants, 1765-67 Alexander and Thomas Benson John and David Bently David Bently & Sons, 1822-1870, contains records of coppersmiths in Philadelphia. Amos Bertolet, Account Book for 1859-1861, a Norristown general merchant Martin Bickham, ship factor, 1818-1858, who went to Isle de France frequently, and to St. Louis in 1858-1859. Very good organization, preservation, and presentation of information, including accounts of rice, indigo, flour, brandy, tea, cookware, hats, Chinese fans, umbrellas, and other French imports. William Biddle, 1841-1871, Mine Hill and Schuylkill Haven Railroad John and Jacob Billmeyer, flour merchants, 1808-1818 (2 vols.), including many price data, and numerous networks of correspondents specified. James Bird, Account Book, 1777-1781 - dealt in wood for fuel, and some coal during the Revolution, including slave labor for hauling Robert Blackwell Blanchard & Marsh James Bonsall; John Bonsall Abraham Boys, merchant, 1810-1814 - traded both local farm goods and imported dry goods and metal wares in Philadelphia William Bradford, insurance ledger, 1771-1775 - premiums and payments on lost ships are records, with names of ships but not information about cargoes Brandywine Mills Records David and John Brown Josiah Bunting Burd Family records, including Farmers' and Mechancs' Bank, 1840s Joseph Burr, merchant, 1759-1773 - general store listings of customers, small debts, and community of exchanges of labor H. Burr, general store in Vincentown, NJ, 1835-1839 Joseph Carson Jesse Chalfont James Chandler, agent of merchants Moore, Heyl, and Co., 1838-1839 - very detailed accounts of imports of coffee, cutlery, pans, guns, trowels, vices, bells, axes, and other metal goods; also much detail about duties paid John and Peter Chevalier, Daybook, 1760-1766 - elaborate detail about importing, ships and masters, insurance paid out, and goods. Ports include London, Amsterdam, Madeira, Hamburg, Lisbon, Barbados, Providence, Jamaica, and more. John Chavalier Brainard Clark, Daniel Clark William Clarkson, ledger, 1767-1779 - a general storekeeper in Philadelphia James Claypoole Ellis Cleaver Henry Cline Samuel Coates, Thomas Coates - various accounts and journals, 1760s-1812 William Coleman Caleb Cope and Co. Daniel Coxe William Cramond, merchant, 1814-1815 George Dannacker Elijah Davis & Co., white lead manufacturers, 1843-1847 DeKnoue & Fullmer Delaware & Schuylkill Canal Co., 1835-1842 Jacob Demuth, Ledger, 1796-1847 - a tobacco merchant in Lancaster, PA with widespread connections in Virginia and Maryland Thomas Denham William Diamond, earthenware manufacturer in Salem, NJ, 1833-1869 Nicholas Diehl Samuel Dilworth Dohan & Taitt John Drinker, Account Book, 1776-1796 - dry goods merchant who continued business during the Revolution, and expanded trade in the late 1780s; includes names of ships and kinds of goods. Jacob Drum Jean Dubarry, St. Domingo merchant, 1793, 1825-1826 Henry Duvall, ledgers for 1847-1886, for a Greensburg merchant George Eckert and Co. John and Hannah Edwards William Edwards, Cashbooks, 1856-1875 - a Philadelphia wool merchant, which ups and downs of Civil War documented for this important sectional trade Abraham Egbert Robert Ellis David Evans, Thomas Evans Peter Evans, grain merchant, 1767-1788 Manuel Eyre, 1744-1845, merchant and farmer (see below) Everett, Hicks & Caldwell Edward Fassit Bejamin Ferris Thomas, Miers, and Samuel Fisher, 1784-1796 (see entries elsewhere) Joshua Fisher & Sons, 1776-1796, merchants John and Jacob Fitzwater, records for 1813-1860, were lime-makers and general store owners, who hired laborers and threshers for their farm, livestock helpers, etc. John Foot Richard Footman, letterbooks, 1791-1793, was a Savannah general merchant who traded rum, tobacco, rice, and other imports William Forbes Philip Francis, invoices for trade with England, 1771-1772 Tench Francis Francis & Relfe, invoices, 1759-1761 - records of trade with London for dry goods, wine, and metal wares. Samuel R. and Margaret Franklin David Franks, Franks and Lewden, Franks and Wagner Nalbro Frazier, merchant, 1759-1811, 1805-1851 John Fry Benjamin Fuller, 1762-1799 - vendue master who wrote extensively about business conditions, markets, shipping and insurance costs, etc. Fuller & Sinnickson, vendue masters, 1763-1782 Samuel Gambier Sarah and Peter Gardner Joseph Gillingham J. F. Gilpin, Vincent Gilpin, 1822-1865 -Philadelphia merchants in cotton trade Gough and Caramault Jacob Graff Henry Green John Greeves Jacob Grove John Groves, ledger, 1753-1757 - dry goods importer, with connections to Lisbon, Barbados, Jamaica, Antigua, London and elsewhere. George Habacker Joshua Haines, accounts, 1796 - wine and dry goods imports Reuben Haines, brewer, 1727-1793 John Hamilton, Hamilton and Drew, Hamilton and Hood George Harrison, merchant, 1805-1807 - ventures to Calcutta, Canton, Leghorn, St. Domingue, Havana, etc. Numerous insurance records and claims, well-connected to other prominent Philadelphia merchants. John Harrison, merchants, 100-1804 - drug imports, including camphor, laudanum, opium, valerian, coriander, cinnabar, ammoniac, etc. Isaac Harvey - see other entries as well Richard Hayes, miller, 1708-1740 Robert Henderson Samuel Hildeburn Holbrook & Hughes, Letters, 1865-1867 - commission merchants in fish John Hood Horner and Morrison, Benjamin Horner, Mary Horner Arnold Hudson, accounts, 1765-1780 - storekeeper who sold distilled spirits Benjamin Huggins, supercargo, 1807-1824 John Hughes, merchant, 1767-1773 Humes and Rogers, daybook, 1811-1815 - hardware merchants Charles Humphreys Samuel Humphreys, shipbuilding John Hunt William and George Hunter, coachmakers, 1788-1791 - accounts with many wealth city leaders; also includes household purchases, wage payments, rent paid, etc. John Hunter Laurens Huron, invoices, 1796-1803 - general merchant, some in French John Hutchinson, merchant, 1808-1837 Insurance Co. of Pennsylvania, 1794-1804, 1804-1807 - maritime accounts James Irwin, accounts, 1848-1856 - Philadelphia broker Isaac Jackson, John C. Jackson James and Drinker Aquila Janney, merchant, 1786-1792 Chalkley Jeffries John Jewitt, ledger, 1805-1830 - farmer in Dutchess County, NY Edward C. Jonas, accounts, 1870s - wholesale druggist, dye-stuffs, glass, chemicals, linked to A. H. Yarnall & Co. Jones and Wister John Jones, Jr., daybook, 1746-1765 - shoemaker in Philadelphia, produced for slaves and elites, including Benjamin Franklin Jones, Clarke, & Cresson, 1783-1797, lumber merchants Robert Jordan and Moses Lancaster, Moses and John Lancaster Andrew Kennedy & Co. John Kidd Kinloch, Bowden and Farquhar Thomas Kite William Kittell Lancaster & Jenkins, dry goods merchants, 1815-1830 Matthias Landenberger John & Melchior Larer, brewers, 1815-1820 Thomas Lawrence, letterbook, 1718-1725 - partner of James Logan, business with Holland and England, some in Dutch; imported China ware, silver goods, tobacco, textiles; many observations on economic conditions William Lawrence Jospeh Leblanc, dry goods dealer, 1785-1792 Samuel Leedom Benjamin Lehman Lentz and Hood Robert Levers Josiah Lewden Levi Lewis William Linn, textile manufacturer, Philadelphia, 1830-1832 - includes household accounts, as well as imports of cotton, ticking, and burlaps William Litzenberg Lloyd and Sharpless Collins Legstreth and Co. John Lipps, receipts, 1789-1823 -- tailor John Lorain, merchant, 1809-1811 Joseph Lovering, 1844-1881, sugar refiner who used steam; wage records; notes on the refining process. Daniel Lukens, ledger, 1818-1871 - general store owner Samuel McCall, merchant, 1710-1761 Benjamin Markley Gregory Marlow Christopher and Charles Marshall, John Marshall, S.J. Marshall, Marshall & Wier William Martin Richard Mason, daybook, 1785-1811 - made engines and fire buckets; see also Mason and Gibbs, the partnership, as well as Heston and Gibbs, painters and glaziers, and Isaac Heston, a painter. All did work for hire as well as manufacturing. Hugh Maxwell William McBay John McCally, account books, 1805-1829 - grain and flour merchant, but also hired himself out to do farm labor such as plowing. James McConkey, John McConkey William McCorkle James McCurrach & Co., Accounts, 1790-1800 - trade to Santo Domingo and Jamaica; ship ownership; business in leather and hides with Forbes & Co. George Mead Samuel & Joseph Mechlin, grocers and linseed oil dealer, 1794-1796 - indigo, sugar, chocolate, molasses, pepper, rum, wine Samuel Meeker, 1807-1810, merchant to New Orleans, Ohio, Kentucky Melchior and John Larer Ellwood Mendenhall Mendenhall & Cope, merchants, 1789-1837, 1836-1844 - textiles, cotton, linen, purples, jeans; Dublin connections in black and red linens; chintz and china blue handkerchiefs; links to North Crolina; imports of combs, buttons, women's clothing; records of a tailor in the collection, repairs of coats, orders for casimir cloth, silks, buttons, linen. Some in German David Meredith, Jesse Meredith, Jonathan Meredith Mifflin and Massey Mildred & Roberts, London merchants, 1777-1779 - sent goods to Philadelphia merchants Owen Biddle, Clement Biddle, Jonathan Chew. Abraham Mitchell and Co., 1844-1858, New York distilled spirits importers John Monks, weaver, 1795-1843 - weaving is interspersed with butchering hogs, cradling oats, mowing, and other farm chores. Inventory of Monk's goods after death. Benjamin Morgan Thomas Morgan, Ledger, 1771-1803, clockmaker - Baltimore and Philadelphia work done, including repairs of silver items, cream pots, saddle bags, clocks. Evidence of barter for payment. Elliston Morris, Robert Morris and John Nicholson, S. Morris and Isaac L. Bartram, Samuel Morris; Luke Morris John and William Moulder, Moulder & Clayton Margaret Moulder, Ledger, 1794-1833 - grocer in Philadelphia, who kept flour, fish, lime, corn, lumber products, middlings, cheese, salt, canvas, oakum; payments were made to her in cash, beef, wine, earthenware, port, apples, rye, eggs, etc. Robert and Lydia Mounder, Accounts, 1759-1817 - tavern keepers - did business with Margaret Moulder, who sold them milk; they sold numerous kinds of drinks. Joel Mount James Muir Samuel Murdock Richard Neave New York Insurance Co., 1797-1799 - payments of shipping losses Norris, Ledger, 1735-1770 -tavernkeeper and brick maker; most entries are about drinks sold, billiards, oysters, and "entertainment." Isaac Norris, Jr., Ledger, 1732-1737 - brewery business, including purchases of hops, malt, barley, and sales of beer, ale, spirits Joseph Ogden, merchant and innkeeper, 1749-1755 - sold snuff boxes, linen, hats, plates, and general merchandise including dry goods imported; several customers were women. Many imports were from Neate & Neave of London, including combs, hats, pen knives, buttons, silk, silk and hair twists, mohair loopings, teapots, etc. Ogden shipping some goods out to the Carolinas. Henry O'Neil, Account Book, 1845-1849 - agricultural laborer and handyman David Osmond Joseph M. Paul Thomas Penrose, Cashbooks, 1738-1751 - importer for many prominent families Derrick Peterson, lumber merchant, 1790-97 - lumber merchant Israel Peterson, J. Peterson & Co. Phillips and Cozens William Pollock, accounts and journals, 1845-1876 - lumber merchant and Pottsville coal merchant James Potter Stacy Potts, W. J. Potts Samuel Powel Mark Prager, Letters, 1794-1798 - merchant with links to Amsterdam, some letters in French and Dutch; father was in London. Bank stock records for BUS and Bank of North America; shipped coffee, sugar, tobacco, madder, muscovado, gin, tea, wine, indigo. Business in New York, Baltimore, Europe, Netherlands, Germany, Jamaica, St. Croix, St. Thomas, Barbados, Portugal, perhaps India. Numerous reflections on yellow fever in 1794, Whiskey Rebellion, international politics in the 1790s. Joseph Pryor, Journal, 1796-1805 - grocer in Philadelphia, voyages to Bahamas and Georgia; traded biscuits, rum, cheese, wine, tea, raisins, salt, chocolate, coffee, candles, rice, etc., with Hollingsworth, S. Girard, Isaac Wharton, and others. Samuel Randolph & Co. William Redwood, Accounts, 1749-1811 - merchant in Newport and Antigua. Partnered with Elias Bland in Rhode Island. Antigua records have elaborate plantation records about slaves and white workers, runaways, overseers hired, crop growing strategies, and marketing. Voyages to Newport and Philadelphia, Canton and London - traded pins, buttons, wax, brass produces, spices, clothing, forks, cocoa, wigs, flour, mahogany, sugar, molasses, mackerel, tea, cheese, indigo, saltpeter, paper, linens. Redwood and Birkett, Records, 1773-1775 -- general merchants who sold coffee, rum, candles, indigo, raisins, tea, wine, paper, lemons, rice, cloth, chocolate, sugar, molasses, pepper, ginger, pimento. Numerous customers among the city's most prominent merchants. Quakers Joseph Reed George Reinhart John Reynell, merchant, 1764-1778 Samuel Rex, Accounts, 1834-1835 - continuation of retail merchant records for this Schaefferstown general store owner. See Winterthur records. Thomas Riche, merchant, 1760-1769 - Receipt book for sugar, flour, hay, shingles, bricks, bread, wood products, cider, butter, beer, and other products. Willis Rhodes Joseph Richardson Peter Rittenhouse, 1797-1870, merchant - most of the records are family receipts and accounts for post-1846. George Ritter Robeson and Paul, Letters, 1797-1830 - merchants in iron, lumber, and general importing, mostly 1807-1813. Discussins of iron, fish, lard, pork, flour, shingles, and the general economic conditions at New York, Lancaster, Baltimore, Antwerp, Hamburg, Augusta, etc. Charles Robinson John Roman James Ross, John Ross Thomas Rutter Joshua Saltonstall Isaac Sands, blacksmith, 1860s Thomas Savery Thoms Scully John Shallcross, Ledger, 1791-1831 - miller and farmer of Wilmington area; credits and debts entered for flour and shorts, vinegar, turnips, potatoes, meat, tobacco, apples, wood, pork, work hauling and other labor. Employee wages at the mill; accounts with the Gilpins, Hollingsworth, Potts, Whartons, Bank of Delaware, and others. Some workers were free blacks and slaves; others are shoemakers, carpenters, coopers. General mill accounts. Nathan Sharples, Joseph Sharples Joshua Sharples, 1812-1859, carpenter William Sharswood Shoemaker & Shoemaker, brokers, 1796-1797 R. C. Shreve David Simmonds T.P. and C. Hepburn Simmons, Ledger, 1797-1873 - farmers who also kept a general store that sold a wide variety of items. Sinnickson, John and Andrew, 1800-1821, general store - Salem, NJ John Slesman William Smith, Smith and Leedmon Smith, Howell, & Barr, 1844-1846, dry goods merchants Joseph Smith, Ledger, 1813-1814, iron merchant - ships to Cadiz, St. Petersburg, Madeira, Gibraltar, France, Canton, Calcutta, Charleston, and other ports, with undisclosed cargoes. Daniel Smith, 1826-1829, 1851, druggist Thomas Souder, 1814-1822, bricklayer and merchant Thomas Spear, 1835-1849, dry goods and printing John Speel Steel and Smith, Ledger, 1818-1824 - Chester County millers, dealing with flour, corn, oats; provided hauling and construction services. H. B. Stewart, supercargo, Letterbook, 1809-1811 - Lisbon, Cadiz, Malta, Gibraltar, Algiers, Naples, Tunis; discussions about world prices and economic conditions; rice, flour, cotton, coffee, tobacco, papayas. Amos Stiles John Stiles Stuart and Welsh, Journal, 1780-1792 - merchants in Philadelphia Richard Sweetman John Swift Joseph Taylor, Samuel Taylor, William Taylor - liquor dealers, 1715-1723 John Topliff Towanda Bank, 1841-1842 Thomas Trenton, 1813-1815, weaver Townsend, Samuel and Solomon William Trent, merchant James Trimble Dawson and Newbold Trotter, Joseph Trotter Tuft & Hancock, Invoices, 1795-1806 - merchants in Philadelphia who sold a wide variety of goods, including small dry goods and West Indies imports. United States Insurance Company, 1809-1843 - marine insurance Vaughan & Lyman, 1849-1896 - shipbuilders and steamboat builders Washington Mutual Insurance Company, Records, 1838-1870 - marine insurance, salvaging and premium payments records, names of ships and merchant insurers, voyages to and from California, China, Europe. Warder & Brothers. Samuel Webb Peletiah Webster James Weems Robert and Uriah S. Weirs Gideon H. Wells, Letters, 1801-1802 - merchant and ship owner, voyages to Lisbon, Liverpool, Amsterdam, Madeira, Havana, Antigua, Barbados; wine, coffee, sugar, pepper, cotton, flour. Ship names included, some land purchases recorded. David West William Wescoat, 1827-1829, merchant Francis and John West, 1788-1798, merchants - voyages to England, Holland, Europe; cloth, tobacco, linens, wines, discussion of economic conditions. Sarah West, shopkeeper, 1804-1828 Wharton & Lewis, brokers, 1787-1801 (Isaac Wharton and David Lewis) Wetherill and Budd, Wetherill Family Wharton & Lewis, Accounts, 1787-1801 - merchants and insurance brokers. Insurance policies book is most valuable, listing names of ships, origins and destinations, and insurers. Robert Wharton, Civil Dockets, 1805-1806 - names ships, captains, prices of wharfage fees, consignments. Thomas Wharton, Ledger, 1752-1758 - merchant, with names of goods and prices, from numerous West Indies ports; sales to numerous Philadelphia merchants and stores; links to Ireland, London, Lisbon, Madeira, Carolinas, Virginia, Kingston, Barbados, St. Croix, Halifax. Isaac Whyte Wilkins and Atkinson J. T. Williams Peter Williams, Daybooks, 1829-1836 - Newport, Delaware grocer who sold and bartered a wide number of commodities. Thomas Williams and Co., Accounts, 1774-1822 - a series of small businesses, including shoemaking, and trading leather and hides. William Williamson Charles, Thomas, and Morris Willing; Edward S. Willing John Wilson Caspar Wistar John & Charles Wister, Cashbook, 1802-1812 - dry goods imports from Liverpool and London. John Wister, Receipts, 1749-1754 - large accounts for rum, tea, and foodstuffs. Head of large family of merchants Richard Wood, Receipts, 1822-1827 - merchant of Greenwich, NJ. Mostly an accounting of his debts being settled. Uriah Woolman Wynkoop & Sieman Ellis Yarnell, 1757-1848, merchant Stephen Young, 1809-1811, merchant to Richmond This collection also contains a number of anonymous account books, ledgers, and other records of druggists, grocers, farmers, general merchants, and local Philadelphia craftsmen. Commerce: Large Collections: Many of the large commercial collections contain information for numerous kinds of economic activities and investments. Scholars should review entries for more than commercial connections. Thomas Stewardson Papers, 1716-1900 (9 linear ft.) was connected to British firms during the middle of the 18^th century as a merchant in Philadelphia. His son, George, also document to a small extent in this collection, was also a merchant in Philadelphia. Thomas Stewardson aided Neate & Pigou of London in the disposal of iron foundaries in which Henry Drinker and Abel James also invested. Frederick Pigou also owned land in Pennsylvania during the 1790s through the 1820s, for which there are tax and bond records, indentures, and other documents. Stewardson the younger also left insurance records for city properties, price lists from correspondents, and letters about internal improvements during the early 1800s. The Stewardson Family Papers, 1702, 1783-1868 (500 items) continues in the same vein as the previous collection, although it focuses more on the real estate holdings of the merchants The third and fourth generations of merchants in this family developed a close connection to trade with Charleston, forming the partnership of Smith & Stewardson. Thomas Stewardson, Sr. (a third generation head of the business) left correspondence for the years 1773-1841, having to do with commerce and land holdings. Thomas, Jr. (the fourth generation) continued the correspondence for 1847-1871. Anthony Kennedy, Papers, 1781-1827 (ca. 150 items) This collection consists of miscellaneous business papers including bills, receipts, correspondence, legal papers and stock certificates belonging to Anthony Kennedy, a Philadelphia merchant. The correspondence in the collection includes both discussions of business and personal matters. One theme that runs through several letters are requests placed to Kennedy for advice or help in making mercantile connections. Other letters concern the settling of debts, the inability to pay debts, the redemption of notes, the placing of orders (especially for blankets and other textiles), details of the mechanics of eighteenth century trade, and legal cases. The letters reveal that Kennedy supplied blankets and other goods to several individuals who then exchanged these goods for various skins with the Indians along the Canadian border at the end of the eighteenth century. These letters occasionally give details of trade with the Indians, and they usually describe the market for skins in the Indian country. Several letters, dated in 1794, describe Indian troubles in the Western Territory and the effect of the troubles on business and the writer's ability to make good on his debts. Another letter, from an individual in Huntington County, is a proposal to open a country store operating on commission. Many of the bills and receipts in the collection relate to purchases of sales of stock including that in several turnpike companies, a large number of various bonds, others are receipts for tax payments on Kennedy's various lands throughout Pennsylvania. [Cited: Guide to Manuscript Collections of the HSP, 338.] Powel Family Papers, 1700-1925 (51 linear ft.) This very large collection is a composite of numerous generations of Powel's and family relatives, in Phildelphia, Newport, and Kingston (Jamaica). Samuel Powel and his son, Samuel, were the first two generations of family merchants in Philadelphia; their letters and accounts for roughly 1700 to 1748 involve extensive and expansive trade with the British West Indies. The third generation Samuel married into the Willing family and continued the West Indies trade, as well as trade to Europe after the American Revolution. Samuel, III was mayor in 1775 and 1789. His wife, Elizabeth Willing Powel, left numerous household accounts and personal observations of merchant life in the city. The next, fourth, generation of the family is continued in the records under the name John Powel Hare, who was the adopted son of Samuel, III. Hare was active in agricultural improvement societies, 1806-1839, especially in deriving new breeds of cattle. Hare was also involved in developing local railroads and canals. From 1827-1830, he made a trip to Calcutta, India, for which he kept a diary and letterbooks. Hare's son, another Samuel Powel, and the fifth generation included in this collection, lived in Newport and Philadelphia, and continued the agricultural and improving pursuits for the years roughly 1843-1888. Although this last Samuel Powel and his wife, Mary Johnston Powel, lived late in the century, Mary brought with her from Jamaica a number of plantation records dating from he 1760s and 1770s, from the Johnston, Taylor, and other planter families on the island. Mary's grandfather may have been a physician for his own and other plantations; there are numerous daybooks, ledgers, journals, diaries, and commonplace books, 1760-1787, covering plantation business. Other plantation papers continue through 1833. Another Johnston, Robert, lived in London, Newport, and Philadelphia; his papers cover business and voyages from 1810 to 1834. The collection further includes papers of the Jamaica planters Jacob Thomas Cole and John Taylor, for the years 1783-1813. William Redwood Account Books, 1749-1844 (10 vols.) shows the far-flung involvement of this merchant in rich detail. Journals and ledgers for Newport, RI cover 1749-1762, and 1778-1782; accounts for business in Philadelphia, 1762-1778, 1787-1815; and letters, ledgers, plantation records and commercial accounts for merchandizing in Antigua, 1782-1787. Redwood was in business with Elias Bland from Newport; over many of these years, he was a large importer of wine and tea; after 1797 Redwood traded to China as well. In the Sword Family Papers, 1819-1850 (nearly 1,000 items), researchers will find extensive information about the China, West Indies, and South American trade of John D. Sword, a supercargo. His grandfather, William Sword, was a sea captain during the 1760s and 1770s who recorded ventures to the West Indies and southern Europe. His father continued commerce out of Wilmington and Philadelphia. The third generation son, John D. Sword, developed the trade to China, 1836-1850. Extensive descriptions of the trade, voyages on the high seas, the nature of relations between China and America, and new ties to Macao and Valparaiso by the late 1830s. Other, earlier, Swords in commerce are also represented in numerous folders of correspondence. Another collection of papers covering extensive areas of trade is the Hockley Family Papers, 1731-1883 (450 items). During the 1780s and 1790s the commercial papers are most numerous, including business correspondence with George Wescott, a Philadelphia copper merchant; Hockley's work as a supercargo for Philadelphia merchants Nixon & Walker, Joseph Sims, Stephen Russel, and many others. Hockley made voyages to Brazil, Madeira, Gibraltar, Malay, Spanish and French West Indies ports, and many other points of the Atlantic World. The Leonard Beal Collection, 1746-1892 (1000 items and 16 vols.) shows the commercial business of the Lewis family in Philadelphia starting in 1781. Mordecai Lewis and his sons, Mordecai and Samuel N. Lewis, were merchants in Philadelphia who traded to the West Indies, Asia, Europe, and coastal North America. The Lewis's later owned the Philadelphia Lead Works, went bankrupt in 1817, and recovered by 1841. Also included in this collection are marine insurance ledgers for Thomas Wharton, 1755-1757; accounts for Thomas Wharton, 1747-1783; and merchant records for James Fisher, 1783-1789, and Henry Steele, 1760-1761. Charles Penrose Keith, Papers, ca. 1699-1866 (ca. 115 items) These papers, belonging to several generations of the Keith family, not simply those of Charles Penrose Keith (1854-1939). Located in the collection are various land documents including deeds and accounts of real estate, various wills, and stock certificates for the Bank of the United States. Other documents include the articles of agreement for extending the wharf on the Delaware River between the Delaware Canal and Reed Street. Finally, of particular interest to this survey are a collection of five papers relating to Captain William Keith's transactions with John Pringle between 1774 and 1788. These documents are partial accounts from several voyages where it appears that Pringle and Keith were partners. One voyage, in 1774, was to St. Petersburg, Russia, however there is no further information concerning the cargo on this voyage. Other accounts discuss a variety of vessels and the shipment of food stuffs including flour, pork and sugar. One group of three documents all concern the settling of an account relating to a voyage of the brig Adventure, and the dividing of the sale of a bill of exchange drawn on two Dublin merchants. Jeremiah Boone, Papers, 1782-1833 (6 feet), document the mercantile affairs of Boone and his son, William R. Boone, traders to the British West Indies with extensive connections to southern New Jersey farmers for grain. The portrait overall is of a struggling small commercial partnership. In the very large composite of records for the Coates family, see, e.g., the Coates Family Papers, 1763-1789, 1832-1915 (30 items), includes mainly documents related to the charity and poor-relief efforts of Beulah and Mary Coates, related to Samuel Coates the city merchant. See also the papers of William Coates, 1731-1860 (25 items). The Coates and Reynell Family Papers, 1677-1930 (300 items) document the merchant activities of two prominent Philadelphia trading families before, during, and after the Revolution. John Reynell and Thomas Coates kept extensive records of commerce with England; after the Revolution Josiah L. Coates, Thomas' brother, and Josiah and George M. Coates, his sons, continued the trans-Atlantic trade. The collection is comprised of numerous account books and related commercial papers covering roughly 1740 to 1840. The Coates and Reynell Papers, 1702-1843 (15 feet) offers an even richer body of materials, especially ledgers and daybooks, for Samuel Coates and John Reynell over a nearly continuous period from 1722-1838. They imported great quantities of sugar and coffee from the West Indies and dry goods from England, and kept elaborate accounting of duties, sales, banking, ship purchases and upkeep, sailors' wages, and other commercial activities. Also included in this collection are the numerous accounts, deeds, leases, wage inventories, and the like for the MarlboroIron Works, 1772-1808, owned by Isaac Zane, and managed by Charles Meredith during the 1750s to 1780s. Samuel Coates was the executor of Zane's estate, and so there are numerous estate records also included. A separate collection of John Reynell Papers, 1729-1761 (6 feet), adds additional richness to this body of papers. This collection contains extensive correspondence between Reynell and associates throughout the West Indies and in England, including advice about trade and disputes over insurance payments. Cox-Parrish-Wharton Family Papers, 1600-1900 (9 linear feet). This extended Quaker family, spreading from Burlington, NJ to Philadelphia, was involved in numerous commercial activities over the generations. Perhaps the most important part of the collection is Samuel Parrish's trade documents from the 1760s to early 1800s, including correspondence and accounts for the Calcutta trade. Most of the collection involves cultural and religious materials. Dutilh & Wachsmuth Papers, 1704-1846 (3 linear feet), is a compilation of various parnerships founded by Etenne Dutilh, a French merchant who moved to Philadelphia in 1783 and continued in business until at least the end of the 1790s. Correspondence covers some of the activities of E. Dutilh & Co., 1783-1789; Dutilh & (J. G.) Wachsmuth, 1790-1797; and Dutilh, (John) Soullier & Co. (1793-1797). All of the partnerships traded primarily to the West Indies for sugar, coffee, cocoa, and logwood, and less frequently ventured to northern Europe. [see Hagley and Winterthur, too] C. Evans Hubbard Collection, 1780-1801 (300 items), includes import records for this merchant's West Indies rum and sugar trade. Also included are records of the Port of Philadelphia, 1794-1795 in the hand of Walter Stewart. See entries for the Port in this survey. Morris Family Papers, 1766-1959 (9 linear feet), contains Morris records that post-date the years covered by this survey, but numerous records of the Wistar family members connected to the Morris's. In the Wistar Section, 1733-1816 are numerous Caspar Wistar records that include correspondence out and inward; a later collection of Luke Wistar Morris, 1787-1830 contains some Wistar business papers; and the Israel Wistar Morris Section, dating from 1856 and after, contain records related to shipping, land purchases, and the Lehigh Valley Coal Company. In a related collection, the Morris Family Papers, 1794-1913 (9 linear feet), the Luke Wistar Morris Section contains brewing records from 1794-1800; lumber dealing records for Joseph Max and Luke W. Morris, 1810-1814; and lumber merchants Luke Wistar Morris and John D. Smith, 1814-1819. This collection also includes James and Sansom Perot, merchants, letterbooks and daybooks, 1817-1821. The Morris's also became involved in the Coal Ridge Coal Company before the Civil War. Robert Morris Papers, 1756-1782 (273 items) complement these family records, and emphasize the commercial relations he had especially before the Revolution with merchants spread around the Atlantic World. In the Morris Family Papers, 1723-1930 (20 linear ft.), there are fewer business papers than in the previously outlined collection, but some valuable documents related to the Luke Wistar Morris accounts as a lumber merchant, in partnership with John D. Smith, 1811-1826. Other accounts of the partnership of Jacob S. Waln and Samuel Buckley Morris, 1808ff, gives valuable insights into shipping after the early republic was in place. Ball Family Papers, 1676-1879 (6 feet). This collection contains papers from two Philadelphia families in the colonial era, as well as several other individuals. Papers of the various individuals are mixed among the chronologically filed boxes. (1).William Ball family papers contain documents relating to the merchants William Ball, Sr. (d. 1740) and his son, William Ball, Jr. (1729-1810) who were also closely involved with land speculation as the Nova Scotia Land Company. Many of these papers have to do with the settlement of William Ball, Sr.'s estate and the legal problems associated with this. Others are assorted correspondence, most between 1757 to 1819, which discusses the payment of outstanding debts, the purchase and sale of bonds, the collection of rent, and several trading voyages. The correspondence and partial accounts relating to the younger Ball's trading ventures indicate that he engaged in trade with merchants in Jamaica and South Carolina. Among the goods involved in these ventures were coffee and rice. Included in the collection are two small volumes of rent and bond books kept by William Ball, Jr. These volumes span the years 1782 to 1808 and record little more than name and amount of rent. While most of the documents relating to the activities of the Nova Scotia Land Company relate to land speculation, the collection does contain accounts and correspondence relating to the costs of supplying of goods to the Philadelphia Township in Nova Scotia in 1768. Also among the Nova Scotia Land Company records is a single account of the Nova Scotia Mills for the year 1769. This account records costs associated with establishing the mill, including costs of the mill stones, other materials and for labor. The collection also includes some papers of the Richmond Meadows Company. This company was formed for mutual protection of banks on the Delaware River. Richmond Meadows Company account book, 1760-1762, records the contributions of individuals as well as accounts for workers detailing the costs of mending dams along the river. (2) Joseph Ball family papers consist of papers relating to this Philadelphia merchant, industrialist, and insurance broker during the 1750s to 1821, and his brother John Ball, a merchant (partner of William Waddrop and Daniel Jennings in firm Ball, Waddrup and Jennings) in St. Eustatius, St. Thomas and St. Croix for years. Papers relating to Joseph Ball's business include accounts with Joseph Conrad for constructing and outfitting several vessels, and accounts relating to several voyages to the Isle of France. Other partial accounts from the importation of molasses and limes, and exports of meat and flour, and certain accounts of outfitting several voyages and wages to seamen, captains, and maintenance, are also included. One account is for the 1795 outfitting of a whaling vessel from Boston. Also contained in the file are several accounts of the sales of cargoes taken by privateers. The papers of John Ball located in the collection include an assortment of bills and receipts relating to his trading activities in the Caribbean between 1779 and 1782. Among these are, the partnership agreement between John Ball, William Waddrop and Daniel Jennings. (3) The Ball collection also contains business papers of Henry Banks, merchant and land speculator of Richmond, VA, including his bankruptcy in 1798, and others relate to his mercantile activities. These include several letters relating (without detail) to trade to the West Indies. The several scattered accounts show Banks dealt in sugar, rum, and madeira wine, as well dry goods. Much of the Banks correspondence is copies of letters that he wrote to various debtors. (4) Also placed in the collection is Lewis M. Walker and John Richards, Receipt book, 1817-21. This volume contains entries acknowledging the payments of debts by Walker and Richards. However, the entries provide little detail as to the nature of the transactions. (5) Finally the collection includes the journal of an unidentified Philadelphia merchant, which was kept between 1733 and 1739, of dry-goods, rum, and sugar. Additionally, the portion of the journal which includes daily transactions indicates that the merchant owned shares of several vessels, and sold flour and pipe staves on consignment to Lisbon and London. Other entries in the volume relate to a high-volume business with merchants in London, Lisbon, and Ireland as well as various ports in colonial North America and the West Indies. The Arthur C. Bining collection, 1787-1908 (850 items) contains a wide range of materials about commerce, banking, business start-ups, and other economic affairs in Philadelphia. Of central significance are the customs house records from 1804 to 1844, and records of customs taken at Saint Domingue, Haiti, and other French islands, 1787-1812, including Joseph R. E. Bunel's correspondence in French with Philadelphians. An interesting subset of these West Indies records are the letters of Marie F. M. Bunel, who did business in Saint Domingue. Thomas Pim Cope (1768-1854). The Cope Family Papers, 1800-1895 (475 vols.) is a massive collection that chronologically begins with Thomas Pim Cope's merchant business about 1821, especially his packet line from Philadelphia to Liverpool, which carried American cotton, wheat, flour, timber byproducts, pig iron, ores, and other American products. Cope's other concerns went under various partnership names, including Thomas P. Cope & Sons, and Cope Brothers. The Cope Family Papers, 1787-1908 (12 linear ft.) has been sorted into three sections, the first of which contains more of the business records of the packet line that merchant members of the family ran. Included are captains' letters, cargoe lists, bills of lading, passenger lists, expenditures for building and maintaining ships, and more. As in the other Cope business collection, above, most of the commercial and packet connections of the Copes are with Liverpool, especially Brown, Shipley & Co. The latter corresponded extensively with Philadelphia and Wilmington merchants during the 1820s and 1830s. The Copes were intermarried into the Brown family of prominent merchants in Providence, RI. Jeremiah and Moses Brown's commission shipping concerns were involved in transporting cotton to New England mills, shipping textiles from there to English and Philadelphia locations, and transporting flour from Baltimore and Wilmington to Providence and Philadelphia, as well as other commercial patterns. Correspondence sent to Thomas Cope, 1815-1819 from the Browns details this trade. Other correspondence involves manufacturers and merchants such as Almy, Brown & Slater of Providence; Lyman, Tiffany & Co. of Boston; David Orr & Co., Wilmington; and others. There were also disputes between Henry Drinker, spilling over to his father Henry, Sr., and other merchants, and Thomas Cope, primarily concerning unpaid commercial and personal debts. See Hagley Museum, Swarthmore, and Library and Winterthur entries. Coxe Family Papers, 1638-1897 (210 linear feet). This massive collection has numerous items of interest to early American economic historians. The first section includes extensive records of Tench Coxe, merchant and statesman, running from 1776 to 1824. Tench Coxe's father had started the mercantile firm of Coxe, Furman & Coxe in 1776, and in 1780 he broke off and started his own partnership with Nalbro Frazier from Boston, which operated until 1790. There are numerous commercial account books, boxes of business correspondence, and extensive papers making observations about national economic affairs. Later records include significant information about customs collection, the national debt, capital investments by businessmen around him, patent legislation, and manufactures beginning around Philadelphia and other northern cities. In 1790, Coxe became the assistant secretary of the treasury, and in 1792, the commissioner of the revenue until 1797. By the late 1790s, Coxe's many land and commercial activities landed him deeply in debt and near bankruptcies. He held many different city offices after 1800 as well. Continuing after 1800 there are additional extensive accounts and public papers related to the national economy and his city business affairs. Coxe's elaborate correspondence with important national figures can be traced to a certain extent in boxes of loose papers, and followed-up with the printed collections of their correspondence and public papers. Mercantile papers spread over 1778 to about 1816, including voluminous correspondence with debtors and creditors in prominent Philadelphia trading families and through the British empire. Scholars should see Lucy Fisher West, Guide to the Microfilm of the papers of Tench Coxe, 1977, at HSP. The Daniel William Coxe Papers, 1793-1868 (4.5 linear ft.) are another wing of the Coxe merchants in Philadelphia, who by the early 1790s became involved in New Orleans land speculation companies. Daniel joined with New Orleans merchants Daniel Clark, Richard Relf and Beverly Chew in 1793 to begin an elaborate network of land acquisition throughout Florida and Louisiana in the next years. For an interesting connection of Philadelphia merchants to St. Petersburg, Russia during the early national years, see the Fisher Family Papers, 1761-1868 (15 linear ft.), where the business of Miers Fisher is documented. One of the Fisher Quakers exiled to Virginia during the Revolution, Miers returned to Philadelphia in 1791, where he became an agent for outsiders investing in the city or doing business from affair. Miers Fisher, Sr. sent his son Miers, Jr. to St. Petersburg in about 1797. The two men conducted a correspondence and trade from about 1797 to 1813. The Fishers were also related to the merchant Gilpins and Redwoods. Miers, Sr. also corresponded with Loyalist refugees in England and Canada during the 1780s and 1790s, including James DeLancey and Robert Barclay. Researchers will find many important connections involving post-revolutionary commerce and international business possible to trace in this collection. A fairly adequate finding aid accompanies this collection. Another large collection is the Loudoun Papers, 1760-1895 (40 linear ft.). It includes business papers of five interrelated families, the Armat, Skerrett, Logan, Norris, and Dickinson families. Some of the records are of interest to economic historians, especially those of Thomas Armat's mercantile activities of 1784-1804 with English merchants, as well as two post-Revolutionary partnerships he made with James C. Cooper. They were dry goods importers, primarily, who left numerous account books, letter books, business dispute papers, and shipping documents. The John Dickinson papers include a number of important importing and exporting documents for his relations between Philadelphia and Jamaica, 1698 through 1713, as well as letters to and from John Askew in London. Information about his slave-owning and travels in the Gulf region are also significant parts of the collection. The other families left more personal and legal records, of less value to scholars of the early economy. There is a finding aid for this collection. Joshua Fisher Papers, 1755-1865 (500 items) divulge some important commercial connections between the colonies and England, including the Fisher family before the Revolution, and the Harrison and Francis families after the Revolution. While most of the letters are primarily about family business, there are close observations of international commercial conditions, as well. A composite collection is the Sarah Smith Collection, 1716-1816 (550 items), which contains numerous folders of merchant correspondence. At the heart of the collection are writings of Joseph Wharton and his son, Charles Wharton, both Philadelphia merchants in the 18^th century and through the Revolution. Also included are some records of the Bank of Pennsylvania, 1794-1809; Charles Wharton's incoming correspondence and suits with other merchants. Other merchants include Thomas Lamar, Henry Hill, Robert Bisset Company, and numerous others who traded to Madeira, Portugal, London, and the West Indies. Of particular interest for the 1740s to 1770s is the extensive correspondence of Anthony Clarkson, merchant, who traded with Arthur Burrows of St. Vincent and Jamaica, and of Joshua Fisher and Sons, also merchants in Philadelphia. The Willing Family Papers, 1761-1866 (6 linear feet) include documents on the business relationship of Thomas Willing of Philadelphia and his partner, Robert Morris. [check this] The Willing and Francis Records, 1794-1822 (150 items), contain much information about various William family members, including Thomas, Thomas Mayne, and Thomas Willing Francis. From 1805-1822 they were involved in the China trade, sometimes with William Read of Philadelphia; together, they often appeared in the partnerships of Willing and Francis or Willing and Cuwen. Opium and tea figure importantly in the import documents, but extensive networks of goods going in and out of the city are also covered. See other willing entries for HSP holdings. In one large collection, researchers may mine the Daniel Parker Papers, 1800-1846 (9 feet) carefully in order to find important information about economic affairs in the early republic. Parker served as a Revolutionary War supplier and financier, and was involved in extensive speculation after the war with prominent figures such as Robert Morris, Jeremiah Wadsworth, and William Duer. Most of the collection is about land and speculative ventures after the war. However there are some important observations on the embargoes of 1808-1809, and other commercial difficulties of the years after that. See "Ships" as well. The Daniel Parker Papers, 1761-1838 (12 linear ft.) is actually a collection of family papers for the Zaccheus Collins and Christopher Marshall, Jr. families of merchants in Philadelphia. Collins was Parker's father-in-law. Of particular important for research in economic history are the extensive letters to, and accounts with, members of the Virginia Lee family, 1787-1831; commercial papers related to trade to India, 1801-1809. Zaccheus' father, Stephen Collins, is represented in this collection's many bonds, land deeds, bank records, and correspondence for the years 1761-1795. Christopher Marshall was the father of Zaccheus' wife, and thus of Stephen Collins' generation; Christopher and Charles Marshall were prominent Philadelphia paint manufacturers in the 1790s and early 1800s. HSP holds diaries, waste books, ledgers, and an account book for this partnership Christopher Marshall became estate executor for Thomas Paschall, another Philadelphia merchant, in 1796, and there is an inventory of the latter's property in this collection. John Nixon, Papers, 1707-1845 (6 linear ft.) The John Nixon papers is a large collection which contains a variety of papers relating to the financial activities of John Nixon (1733-1808), a Philadelphia merchant and the first president of the Bank of North America. Most of the documents in the collection apply to the sale and purchase of land including those that list rents, lands owned and accounts for the surveying of land. However, the collection does contain some information of the utmost importance to scholars of early American economy. The papers show Nixon's mercantile activities not only limited to the sale and purchase of goods but also including note and stock speculation. In the collection there are several partial accounts, bills and receipts. Among these documents are several indicating the payment of rent, the payment of wages, the purchase of household items and receipts recording the lending of money. There are several accounts with Conyingham & Nesbitt which detail Nixon's involvement with overseas trade. One account between 1771 and 1773 indicates Nixon trading various types of tea, purchasing Madeira wine, and purchasing various kinds of cloth. An account for an insurance policy purchased by John Nixon of Wharton and Lewis's Office, for a voyage of the brig Eli and her cargo to Calcutta from Philadelphia in 1795. Another letter from 1780 discusses the payments of Nixon's share of the proceeds from the ship Delaware. A 1783 account for work on a brig is also included. This document lists the names of workers, the number of days worked and their pay. Another account is one kept with Captain William Davis between 1776 and 1784. Davis purchased a wide range of goods from Nixon including sugar and coffee from "Eustatia" and wine from London. The account shows that Nixon often forwarded Davis's wife money while he was away. A detailed copy of John Nixon's account with Francis and John West for the years 1791 to 1794 holds a wealth of information. This account, kept by the Wests, shows the purchase of a wide range of goods by Nixon. Nixon bought various textiles including linen, moleskin and Cassimere [This is and odd fabric, but what it says], tea, and various kinds of hose. While this debit portion of the account is not particularly unusual, the credit side of the account (indicating Nixon's payments) includes many notes and bills of exchange. These entries shows that Nixon paid his accounts by settling a number of bills of exchange in London and by transferring stock to the Wests. Information regarding interest and discount values on various bills. Another account with the Wests, entitled "Speculation" shows the purchase of various stocks including those for the Schuykill Canal and the Susquehanna Canal. Additionally, other entries refer to speculation on flour prices and insurance policies. On the back of this document is a listing of gains made through the sale of stock. Various receipts held by Nixon further detail his money lending operations. There are several similar accounts between john Nixon and the Wests throughout the collection. A 1801 account details a quantity of Queensware ordered by John Nixon of Robert Lewis of London. The documents lists each type of piece, its quantity and price. Shipping, loading, port and duty charges are also listed. Correspondence in the collection largely consists of letters describing financial matters. Several of these letters discuss the collection and redemption of bills of credit. These letters often discuss interest payments and the mechanics of collecting on bills of credits and other financial instruments in the Early Republic. Many other letters complain about the inability to pay debts and others are simply acknowledgments of an amount due at a specific time. There is also a large number of insurance policies issued by Wharton & Lewis to a variety of Philadelphia merchants. These policies list specific vessels, their destinations and the percentage owned by the merchants taking out the policies. They do not, however, list the goods on the vessels. Finally, the collection includes several wills and accounts of estates that were settled by John and George Nixon. One of these, the estate of Nathan Levy of Baltimore contains entries for accounts paid and payable to the estate. While the complete account is not available, the portion which does exist shows the ownership of a wide range of financial instruments and other debts. The papers in the collection are arranged chronologically in folders. See also references to the Nixon's in the section on Banking and Insurance. Clifford Family, Papers, 1722-1832 (6 linear ft., 29 vol.) This collection contains a wide assortment of papers documenting the world-wide trading activities of several generations of the prominent Clifford family of Philadelphia. Documents in the collection have been bound into 26 manuscript volumes. While one volume covers the years 1722 to 1757, the remaining volumes cover the years 1757 to 1832. Papers in the collection generally fall into two complementary categories. (1) Correspondence and (2) Commercial Documents including individual accounts, bills, receipts, invoices, charters of vessels and insurance papers. (1) Correspondence. Correspondence in the collection originates mostly from John and Thomas Clifford and from their trading contacts and family. These letters reveal that the family traded with diverse locales including China, Russia, Western Europe (Dublin, Liverpool, London, Paris and Lisbon), the West Indies and cities within the US (New York, Newport, and New Orleans). The bulk of the correspondence relates to trade in the West Indies centering around St. Christopher, St. Kitts, St. Eustatius, Antigua, and Barbados. Much of the conversation in many letters relates to the shipping of flour to the West Indies and Europe and its subsequent sale there as well as assessments of the market for the flour. Other goods traded include salt, textiles, rum, sugar, tea, cocoa, and coffee. One of the chief values of the correspondence is that much of it contains explicit instructions from the Cliffords to their contacts. These instructions, in turn, reveal to scholars the patterns of eighteenth century trade and the trading goals of merchants. Likewise, return correspondence offers information of prices, their fluctuations, the patterns of trade, market conditions, and the loss of vessels, as well as conflict with other merchants, captains of vessels and government officials. These letters also discuss the quality of goods available and the prospects of future harvests. One letter form 1756 provides extensive discussion of a poor sugar and wheat crop and its effect on prices and trade. Other letters contain information relating to freight and customs charges. Several series of letters relate to the purchase and transportation of tea. Another series of letters discusses the sale of a Negro slave and instructions for managing the slave. Many letters also discuss the activity of other merchants and other vessels. These letters offer key insights and analysis of trade in general through the Atlantic and especially in the West Indies. Some of these letters also include price listings of various commodities at selected ports. A series of letters beginning in 1782 relate to the operation of the Cumberland Forge, with which the Cliffords were involved. These letters describe technical matters of the forge itself and the iron produced there, as well as discussions of the iron market and the prospects of the forge as a business venture. Later letters relate to new trading opportunities opened to the South and West. These letters mostly describe trading activity in Kentucky and New Orleans. Some of these letters discuss the purchase and sale of cotton. These letters originate both in the South and West and discuss cotton production and prices. Meanwhile, letters from correspondents in Liverpool describe the cotton market. One letter in particular, dates November 1805, describes the effects of the defeat of the Austrian Army on the British economy and thus the cotton market. (2) Commercial Documents: Among the most prevalent documents are a variety of bills of lading listing the name of the merchants owning the cargo, the name of the vessel, its captain, its ports of departure and destination as well as the vessel's cargo. These bills of lading are among the most valuable as they show connections between particular merchants and the vessels they used to transport their goods. They also show the passage of commodities from one port to another. Insurance policies fill out this picture by further explicating the costs of transport and the risks inherent. These documents also value particular cargoes and delineate ownership of portions of a cargo. Other accounts are those between Clifford and other merchants such as Thomas Laurent. Also included among these documents are several accounts to workers, including a cooper, a tailor and a carpenter. These accounts indicate work done and fees paid (in both cash and other goods). Household accounts are also scattered through the volumes. These accounts and receipts relate to the purchase of provisions for the home and household gods such as hardware and clothing. The last three volumes of the collection consist of Thomas and John Clifford, Letterbook, 1759-1789. These letters books complement the above documents. They contain copies of outgoing correspondence from the brothers to many of the individuals they received letters from. These letters address many of the same issues seen above, as well as containing market analysis and instructions from Thomas and John Clifford. Since the letters and documents span the years of the Seven Years' War and the American Revolution, they enable scholars to trace the effects of war on trade in the Atlantic. Several letters address the effects of war on markets specifically as do documents relating to the outfitting and activity of privateers. Jones and Clarke, Papers, 1784-1816 (ca. 500 items). This collection contains assorted business papers of William Jones and Samuel Clarke of Philadelphia and Charleston. The two were engaged with trade to the West Indies and Europe. Much of the collection includes correspondence relating to this trade, and bills of lading, receipts, and legal documents. Correspondence in the collection is arranged alphabetically in folders by the name of the letter-writer, from around America and the West Indies. Others were to and from Europe, Bordeaux, and Farsceno, on the coast of Norway. Some letters report market conditions and the effects of war and political upheaval upon trade; some relate prices of common commodities such as sugar, flour, tobacco and various textiles; some concern the settling of debts, the mechanics of eighteenth century trade, and legal cases. Numerous letters ask Jones & Clark for advice on the reliability of other merchants as well as their opinion on specific trading ventures and patterns of trade more broadly. Just as numerous are letters from various captains or supercargoes reporting on the progress of vessels owned by Jones and Clarke; they describe the disposal of cargoes, and offer assessments of trade. Other letters in the collection discuss lost vessels, including a few insurance policies and assessments of the salvageable cargo and its worth. The miscellaneous correspondence contains a letter giving directions to the captain of a privateer which details the process of claiming a prize cargo and discusses the disposal of the cargo at auction and in law. Other letters discuss the capture of various vessels by privateers as well as privateering effects on trade. There is also a list of the crewmen on the Brig Eagle, and a number listing the size of their share from any privateering captures. Most of the bills of lading in the collection are from vessels operated by either Jones or Clarke, or the two in partnership. Among the goods and destinations recorded are, Virginia tobacco bound for the Orient, sugar and molasses from the West Indies, flour from New Castle and Philadelphia bound for the West Indies, and sugar from Philadelphia to St. Petersburg. Complete accounts exist for the ship Eclipse, owned by Jones & Clarke, John Allen and William Lynch, all of Philadelphia, showing the vessel arrived in Philadelphia from St. Sebastian laden with sugar, cocoa, and tobacco. The accounts also list stops to discharge wine and dry goods at St. Thomas, and costs of importing them. Charges include, duties, provision costs, port and sundry fees. Finally the documents list wages for the crew of the Eclipse. Another fairly complete account is from 1801 for the construction of the Plough Boy by shipbuilder Samuel Lehman, describing charges for hardware, lumber, and labor. A partial account between Jones and Clarke and Stephen Girard for shipping and freight charges, and a partial account for the ship Eugene from Canton, are also in this collection. Researchers will also find policies and papers concerning the collection of payments for lost vessels. Several insurance policies are in French and originate from French Caribbean ports. There are also several plans for the South Carolina Fontine Bank. A manuscript copy of a memorial from the merchants of Charleston, SC, to the United States Congress complains of British spoliation. Other documents list securities prices. While the collection is fragmented and there are no account books, there are enough documents for a researcher to reconstruct the business activities of this Philadelphia firm with world-wide connections. Since the correspondence is arranged alphabetically, it is relatively easy to search by proper name. Smith Family Papers, 1728-1846 (600 items), is a wide-ranging collection of merchants' correspondence and business papers. Included are correspondence with wine merchants of Madeira, 1762-1802; business connections to Joseph Wharton, 1728-1771; business letters received by Charles Wharton from the Far East and Lisbon, 1783-1809; correspondence with New Yorkers Miers and Samuel Fisher, and John Ely; and more. The West Family Business Records, 1769-1804 (10 vols.), show this Philadelphia dry goods merchant's affairs during and after the Revolutionary era. James West was connected to James Fuller during the 1790s in importing. The Maitland Family Papers (300 items) contain two sections. The first section is for 1729 and 1806-1896, and includes merchant and retail grocer records for John and Thomas Maitland, Irish immigrants to Philadelphia. The other section contains the papers of Thomas Fitzsimons, 1779-1811, a Philadelphia merchant and political leader who did business with Robert Morris and was involved in construction of the famous frigate Philadelphia. Samuel W. Woodhouse Collection, 1743-1858 (3 linear ft.) is most useful for its papers related to the Meredith family of merchants and Revolutionary commissaries, during these years. Claude Unger Collection, 1706-1937 (7000+ items). Of relevance to early Americanists, this collection contains numerous business records of Pennsylvania Germans. Journals and account books for Jonas Robinhold's dry goods store in Port Clinton, PA, 1840-1863; linen merchant daybooks for David Rinewald, 1797-1815; lumber merchant ledger for John Romich, 1844-1888; dry goods ledger for William Weiler, 1851-1859; and others of this period in the area of Heidelberg Township, PA. The connections of certain Philadelphia merchants with the southern Mississippi area, including New Orleans and the Gulf Coast, for Richard Ashurst & Sons, early 19^th century; importer Thomas Astley's trade with England in the 1820s; for Andrew Clow & Co.'s trade between Philadelphia and England during the early 19^th century; and miscellaneous letters from Rathbone & Benson of Liverpool; Dutilh & Wachsmuth, and their various branches of wholesaling in the West Indies and Europe, early 19^th century. The last of these records are in French; some early rural accounts are in German. In a separately organized collection of some 4500 letters, in an additional Claude Unger Collection, 1760-1900, researchers will find valuable letters of early Philadelphia merchants such as Manuel Eyre, whose interests ranged from north of the city to Delaware City, DE; records of the "Charleston Packet" to France and the West Indies; French merchant George Louis deStockar's letter for 1760-1796; additional records of Richard Ashhurst & Sons, and Dutilh and Wachsmuth, can be found in this second body of materials. Clifford Family Papers, 1722-1832 (6 linear feet), span a few generations of this family's international trade before and after the Revolution. Trade with numerous foreign ports, and information about world prices, commodities markets, and fluctuations of opportunities are covered in great detail. Insurance policies, ship construction documents, news about natural disasters, the condition of cotton, tea, salt, sugar, flour, cloth and other consumption trends are also included in abundance. Views about privateering, smuggling, nonimportation, Toryism, orders in council by England after the Revolution, opening the China trade, depredations of French pirates in the early 1790s, and prospects for trade with Spanish and French possessions also make this an especially wide-ranging and rich collection. Papers after 1800 often include observations about Kentucky, New Orleans, and other commercial points of interest to American merchants. Researchers should browse the collection carefully for gems of important material. Henry Drinker, Business Papers, 1756-1869 (5 linear feet), gives a deep look at a Quaker merchant partnership's dry goods business with British ports and cities of North America. Abel James and Drinker engaged exclusively in commerce until the late 1780s, when they increased activity in the Atsion Iron Works, Union Saw Mill, and related stores in New Jersey. A great deal of this collection involves documentation for land acquisition and sales, and contests over surveys of numerous tracts in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. But researchers will find valuable commercial information in the James & Drinker letterbooks of 1756-1786, 1772-1784, 1762-1809, 1776-1809, and ironworks ledgers of 1786-1801. Henry Drinker Papers, 1747-1867 (ca. 1100 items), is another very large collection of merchant, land developing, and iron manufacturing records for this family. Included are extensive records of the partnership James & Drinker, with Abel James, which accepted a consignment of tea from the East India Company in 1773 and the partnership's involvement with nonimportation controversies. Letters during the Revolutionary period document the British point of view on trade, and Drinker's banishment from Pennsylvania to Virginia during the war. Drinker left a "Journal of a Voyage to England" in 1759-1760, extensive business letters about land development after 1806. See also the Abel James Diary, 1766-1769 (1 vol.), for further information about the land acquisitions and clearings related to the Drinker iron works, as well as James' commercial affairs. And see the Abel James Correspondence, 1773-1778 (1 vol.), which includes letters in the hand of Henry Drinker at the time their partnership halted communication with British creditors. Connected to these records are the Drinker Family Papers, 1722-1889 (600 items). Several generations are portrayed in the collection, especially Henry and William Drinker down to 1850, but with special strength in the pre-Revolutionary period. One important document in the collection is the fully signed list of Virginia refugees at the beginning of the Revolution in 1777. Another Drinker Family Papers, 1777-1965 (3 linear ft.) collection covers mostly post-Civil War years, but some portions overlap with the previously outlined Drinker paper, and can be used in conjunction with the earlier papers. The Markoe Family Papers, 1773-1940 (700 items) include some of the most important information about merchant connections to St. Croix. Abraham Markoe was a planter and merchant first on the island, and then moved to Philadelphia. His son Abraham, Jr. stayed behind to plant and process sugar; another son, Peter, stayed on the island as well, but was not in business. Post-revolutionary correspondence between the island and Philadelphia continued between brothers John and Abraham, Jr. This collection also includes significant correspondence with merchant Daniel Holsman in New York, and with French authorities who captured a Markoe-Holsman partnership vessel, the "Maria," before the War of 1812. Zaccheus Collins Papers, 1760-1847 (d. 1831) (450+ items) are primarily about the land speculation and surveys of post-Revolutionary Collins family members, but there are a number of merchant records of Stephen Collins, the father, 1760-1786. Shaler Family Papers, 1797-1903 (ca. 1000 items), are a treasure trove of information about the foreign piracy and privateering against American vessels in the West Indies and near North Africa during the early 1800s. William Shaler was U.S. agent in Mexico and later assigned to the Barbary States and Cuba; Nathaniel Shaler privateered during the War of 1812. There are numerous volumes of commercial correspondence and shipping documents related to the West Indies, 1798-1867. James Wallace Collection, 1794-1862 (9 linear ft.), covers commerce of the Philadelphia merchant, Joseph Wallace, and his trade with the western frontier of Pennsylvania after the Revolution. There are important glimpses into trade with the West, including prices, nature of goods sent there, return commodities and payments, etc. Robert Waln Papers, 1792-1823 (500+ items), show this prominent merchant's activities at the farthest corners of early national trade, to the East Indies and China, 1799-1819. There are also numerous account books, insurance documents, letters from abroad, and shipwrecks, 1809-1819. A separate collection called the Smith and Waln Family papers, 1774-1891 (9 linear feet) documents how Robert Waln's cotton mill and iron works went under in 1819, during the Panic that year, and the assignment of his property to Benjamin Rawle Morgan and John C. Smith. Until 1836 Waln was settling affairs of these busineses, as well as the Eagle Factory in Trenton, NJ where cotton was made. Waln was a strong advocate of protectionism. The collection includes account books, receipt books, 1785-1800, 1810-1819. Also in this collection are records for Robert Waln's son, Lewis, from 1819-1863. Lewis was a merchant in Lewis & Waln, with also folded in 1819, and before that did business to Lexington and other Kentucky locations. There are various account books, some involving Lewis Waln's interests in a cotton mill in New Jersey during the 1830s and 1840s. The collection also has records of a few businessmen who had connections to the Walns, including Samuel Richards, Samuel Broom & Co., and Thomas Long, during the years 1783-1828. Most of these are receipt books and personal accounts rather than full accounts. Richard Waln Papers, 1759-1888 (over 900 items) document a Philadelphia Quaker merchant's colonial and early national trade. The main economic materials in these papers include Waln's pre-revolutionary activity as a Philadelphia merchant, his Monmouth County, NJ flour mill during Revolutionary years, and his return to commerce in Philadelphia during the 1780s until his death in 1808. Waln began his commercial career as a factor in Barbados; he continued an elaborate correspondence from Philadelphia in the years before the Revolution, with merchants Harford & Powell, Neate & Pigou, of London: Robert Wilson, of Barbados; Anthony Golley, a captain for Waln; all over the period 1762-1774, and 1783-1799. Numerous account books document these relations. Other correspondence and account books concern Waln's grist mill called "Walnford" in New Jersey during the Revolution, and business in flour and grain with Henry Lisle, Downing & Thomas, Robert Bowne, William Remsen & Co., Jacob Seamen, all of New York. Letters from his son Joseph, 1787-1799 report on business conditions and prices in Philadelphia. Two other sons, Richard, Jr., and Nicholas continued the mill business in New Jersey after Richard, Sr. moved back to Philadelphia; see their correspondence from 1792 to 1808. Nicholas continued to do flour and grain business with New Yorkers Smith & Nevins, and Philadelphia merchant Thomas Ridgeway and many others until 1838. The mill records continue into subsequent generations through the 19^th century. There is a finding aid for this very large collection. Records of the lumber merchant William Pollock may be found in a generically named Business Account Books, 1845-1876 (6 vols.), which include his account books and ledgers during 1845-1869. Also included in this collection are anonymous ledgers and account books for at least one lumber and coal merchant at Pottsville, PA. Unrelated to the Wistar family (see "Manufactures"), the James W. Wister Family Papers, 1777-1890 (600+ items) were Philadelphia and Germantown merchants whose papers date mostly from the post-Revolutionary period, and contain interesting observations about the state of local and national finance. The most interesting aspects of the collection, however, are the sub-collection of Henry Miercken Family Letters, 1791-1807, of a Cap Francois merchant to and from Wister. Two other collections of Wister Family Papers are held at HSP. Those of 1747-1902 (22 vols.) contain extensive information about John Wister's wine business [Ledger, 1747-1766] on Market Street, and the next generations of sons and their partners imported dry goods and conducted sales into Lancaster and Chester counties. John Wister's sons were Daniel [Ledger, 1762-1770] and William [Ledger, 1792-1796] and the next generation of merchants included Daniel's sons John, Jr., and Charles, as well as his son-in-law John Morgan Price [Ledger and letterbook, 1795-1814, 1794-1796]. Four generation storekeepers are included in this collection, too. Records of the Yardley Company, 1821-1834; Konigmacher, Yardley & Co., 1819-1822; and a few household accounts for the Wisters, 1861-1874. The other Wister Family Papers, 1792-1840 (15 vols.) continue the records of William Wiser, 1796-1801, including a letterbook dated 1792-1827, estate records dated 1801-1837, business accounts of Wiser, Price & Wister, 1797-1834 and 1815-1822, 1827, and 1815-1823; records of William and John Wister, Jr., 1797, 1800-1806, 1833; and John and Charles J. Wister, 1802-1818, 1840. In a separate collection, the William Wister Papers, 1831-1880 (3 linear ft.) there are valuable insights about the cloth-printing business of the Wisters in Germantown, at the Belfield Print Works, 1833-1854. Connections to New Yorkers Hoyt & Bogart, and Henry Farnum, are revealed as well. Jasper Yeates Papers, 1718-1876 (7500+ items) is a large collection of this Lancaster County leader's many economic and political interests. One part of the documents relates to a subset of "John Yeates Papers, 1738-1865," which cover the commerce of this younger family member with the Chesapeake, New York, Barbados, Antigua, and foreign West Indies islands. See also Jasper Yeates Cunningham Family Papers in this collection, and itemized in other entries, for the 1850s; and the Peter Grubb estate papers in this collection, 1750-1759, along with other entries for Peter Grubb. Jasper Yeates Brinton (b. 1878) Collection, 1762-1916 (18 linear ft.) contains records kept by this later member of a composite prominent family in Philadelphia. In fact, the most relevant papers for this survey are in a subsection of the collection called the John Steinmetz Section, 1762-1792, which are about the wholesale dry goods importing of this merchant and his brother-in-law Henry Keppele. Most materials are for the 1760s and early 1770s, and then pick up again for the period 1790-1792. Of importance were the connections of these merchants to both area commercial farmers and British firms abroad. One part of the Yeates family lived in Lancaster County, PA; William Bell was another important Lancaster connection to the Philadelphia exporters. Extensive land papers comprise the rest of the collection, mainly for the William and Charles Smith families. The Yeates Family Papers, 1733-1894 (3 linear ft.) show the connections of this Lancaster commercial family with others of the area. Hamilton & Hood Records, 1803-1863 (12 linear ft.), covers much of the career of these wholesale grocers and wine merchants, John Hamilton and John Hood, in Philadelphia. Two predecessor firms are included: Lentz & Hood, 1803-1806, and Hamilton & Drew, 1805-1810. There are numerous letterbooks, financial documents, account books, receipts and ledgers, and other commercial records of the partners. A large and overlooked collection of commercial documents is in the William David Lewis Papers, 1800-1918 (33 linear feet), much of which covered trade between the War of 1812 and the Civil War. Lewis went to Europe in 1814, and then to Russia where he began working for his brother John Delaware Lewis who was a commission merchant in St. Petersburg. After 10 years, he returned to Philadelphia as an importer and financier of numerous small railroads; he was also cashier of Girard Bank, 1832-1842, customs collector for the Port of Philadelphia, 1849-1853. Lewis left extensive letterbooks, diaries, and an autobiography to 1841, which elaborate on his time in Russia, interests in the railroads, and the bank crises of the 1830s. Scholars interested in the Girard Bank will find a number of important connections documented in this collection. Norris Family Papers, 1742-1860 (30 linear ft.). Two generations of Isaac Norris, merchants in Philadelphia before the Revolution, and Charles Norris, brother of the younger Isaac, are included in this collection. Father and sons kept letterbooks, 1699-1766; account books, 1705-1765; and numerous documents relating to non-commercial household matters and political events. In the volumes and boxes labeled with Charles' name, there are numerous accounts of the Pennsylvania Loan Office in the final colonial years, as well as payments records and order books for soldiers in the Seven Years' War. Charles Norris was also involved in building roads westward during the 1750s and 1760s, and there are numerous cash books, account books, receipts, and letters related to the planning and construction of those roads. See also the Thomas Norris Collection, 1786-1911 (78 items), which connects the family after the Revolution to the Pine Grove Furnace before the War of 1812, and various other mining and forge works later in the 19^th century. Reed and Forde Papers, 1759-1823 (12 linear ft.). John Reed and Standish Forde were Philadelphia merchants who traded directly to numerous European ports in Spain, France, Holland, Portugal, and foreign West Indies. There is extensive information about the risks of foreign captures, privateering and piracy, wars during many of these years, embargoes, and faulty debtors. There is also a great deal of information about the qualities and prices of foreign goods such as salt, cloth, wines, metal wares, and other imports. The partners became involved in purchases of Florida, Louisiana, and Kentucky land during the period 1789 to 1792, as volumes of letters show. There are also letters by Kentuckians about the trade with Florida and Mississippi, 1789-1816, and agreements of Philadelphia and other merchants with the Spanish regarding trade, 1790-1794. Numerous letter books show extensive trade with Martinique, St. Pierre, and other French ports of call from 1787 to at least 1815. Both partners were also extensively involved in many early American banks during the 1780s and 1790s. John Reed eventually went bankrupt in the early 1800s. There are, finally, many letters during 1795-1802 that deal with Robert Morris' failing schemes. Hollingsworth Family Papers, 1748-1887 (nearly 200 linear feet), document in great detail the various arms of this family's commerce and internal trade in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware, and under various partnership names. Levi and Zebulon Hollingsworth manufactured flour and traded extensively with many parts of the British empire from the 1750s to the 1790s, and the next generation of family merchants continued as Levi Holingsworth & Son, Paschall Hollingsworth & Co., and Morris, Tasker, and Morris. Some of the highlights of the collection are enumerated here, but researchers are urged to consult the "Descriptive Report of the Hollingsworth Collection," which was compiled by WPA writers in 1938. In addition to extensive household and agricultural records of purchases, sales, and consumption, there are numerous volumes of commercial records over this long era, including shipping, price, commission, debt and credit accounts. Trade with the West Indies, southern ports in North America, and northern Europe are itemized in ledgers, order books, cash books and journals, banks receipts books, letterbooks, freight books, and other volumes. Zebulon Hollingsworth milled flour in Elkton and transported it to various ports, especially family members resident in Philadelphia. Among the latter, Levi Hollingsworth kept a number of ships busy in West Indies trade, and moved flour for the Brandywine millers over a long period of time. Letters document the ebbs and flows of West Indies affairs, European prices and importation, and world events of significance to their extensive flour trade. This is an incredibly rich, and underused resource for understanding the networks of relationships throughout the Philadelphia region. Another large collection which complements the Hollingsworth papers is the Paschall and Hollingsworth Papers, 1660-1665, 1711-1861 (25 vols.). The partners Thomas and Stephen Paschall, and Levi Hollingsworth, were among the most successful of Philadelphia merchants. The commercial documents in this collection cover primarily 1711 to 1782, and then 1825-1837. There are ledgers of foreign and domestic trade, prices and arrangements with correspondents, reflections on business conditions at different times, and much more in 17 of the volumes. Related to Hollingsworth documents are the Paschall Papers, 1734-1875 (100 items), which include the accounts and business documents of Thomas Paschall, a sometime partner of Levi Hollingsworth, primarily for 1810-1815. The Penn Family Papers, 1629-1834 (40 linear ft.) are a very large collection with much about real estate and politics in them, and relatively little that directly relate to the themes covered in this collection survey. However, there is a sizeable amount of correspondence from James Logan to various early Americans about conditions of piracy and smuggling, copper mining in the western territories, paper money issues, the effects of yellow fever, all in a section of the collection entitled "Official Correspondence, 1683-1817." Jacobs Family Papers, 1681-1838 (over 500 items) contains the artisan and merchant records of five heads of the Jacobs family before the Revolution and just after it. Joseph Jacobs, a saddler, keep commercial accounts of prices and leather importing, 1760-1765; in partnership with Samuel Wallis, he kept a ledger for 1762-1766 of shop business in Chester County. Israel Jacobs, a weaver, left a ledger for 1776-1810; John Jacobs, a Chester County politician and commercial farmer after the Revolution, contributed to the collection a ledger, 1784-1818; and Benjamin Jacobs, who probably managed the Juniata Iron Company, kept the stock books and ledger for 1765-1775. The collection also has miscellaneous importing documents such as bills of lading, bills of exchange, bonds, and insurance charts, many dating from Revolutionary years. The Owen Jones Papers, 1696-1867 (3 linear ft.) are a composite of numerous commercial and local business papers of the Jones family, as well as political notes and land surveying notes for late colonial years. The Jones & Co. waste and invoice books are included for post-Revolutionary years, especially 1788-1795, as well as the Jones & Foulke letterbooks and daybooks for 1783-1845; the Jones & Wister letterbook for 1759-1771; and the Jones receipts for 1796-1803. The family moved from commerce in the colonial period to land owning and commercial farming after the 1780s, and included in the collection are numerous surveys, rent books, and estate accounts for the 1790s to 1820s. Jones and Clark Papers, 1784-1816 (450+ items), is a large collection of West Indies traders' accounts. William Jones of Philadelphia, and Samuel Clarke of Charleston formed a partnership just after the Revolution to import sugar, coffee, and molasses from British and French islands, and open more trade with northern Europe for brandy and textiles. At a time when relations with the British and French were fluctuating, there is valuable information in this collection about privateering and piracy, ships built and lost, insurance, commodity price changes, and attitudes of foreign port agents. Some trade was conducted with Thomas Willing of Philadelphia, Joshua Humphreys, and John Binns. Simon Gratz, Commercial Records, 1699-1835, is a subset of the larger Gratz Collection held at HSP, and includes commercial correspondence and wholesale records of important Philadelphia merchants such as John Astley, 1799-1819; Thomas Astley, 1813-1835; Andrew Clow and David Cay, 1730-1816; Samuel Coates, 1740-1756, 1781-1818, 1813-1818; William Manington, 1699-1703; Cramond, Philips & Co., 1789-1801; Hamilton-Hood, 1813-1835; Thomas Barn, 1827-1835; William Clarkson & George Morrison, 1767-1779; Isaac Zane, 1748-1759; and miscellaneous banking, finance, and land records of significant merchants in the colonial city. The Simon Gratz Collection, 1343-1928, 350 linear ft. The subset of this huge collection that relates to this survey include the commercial records of John and Thomas Astley, 1799-1835; Andrew Clow and David Cay, 1730-1816; West Indies and other external trade locations; Samuel Coates, 1781-1818; Cramond, Phillips and Co., 1789-1801; Hamilton-Hood Papers, 1813-1835; Thomas Barn, 1827-1835; William Clarkson and George Morrison, 1767-1779; Isaac Zane, 1748-1759; and numerous bonds in the late 1700s. This collection also includes records of the Treasury Department, 1821-1868; and the Customs House, 1795-1807; numerous samples of state currencies, 1821-1847. Gilpin Family Papers, 1727-1872 (15 linear ft.), contains primarily the papers of Joshua Gilpin and Henry D. Gilpin, including commercial correspondence, 1822-1843; and correspondence related to the Second Bank of the U.S., of which Henry was an examiner. Thomas Gilpin records include extensive observations about transportation projects and land sales in Pennsylvania, canal and road maps, tunnel plans, and early railroads, 1770-1817. Bank note paper and printed currency of various sorts are in these documents as well. Richard Gilpin was a paper manufacturer, 1799-1818, who left essays on the manufacture of woolen goods, as well as plans for erecting paper mills; there are numerous pamphlets about importing and breeding sheep for wool, and on the history of the tariff controversies during the early republic. Howard W. Lewis Collection, 1799-1866 (36 linear ft.), contains mostly business records of the early nineteenth century. Silas E. Weir and John E. Lewis were prominent auctioneers in Philadelphia, and operated under various partnership and company names. They imported bulk cargoes of silks, tea, tobacco, textiles, glass and earthenwares, and general loads of dry goods for sale at auction. The numerous account books in this collection detail conditions of sale, nature of the goods and their prices, market conditions generally, regulations and correspondence with foreign suppliers. One continuous run of "Auction Accounts" for 1799 to 1830 is especially valuable for gaining long-term assessments of the business. The Logan Family Papers, 1664-1871 (30 linear ft.). One of the HSP's largest collections are those of James Logan, statesman and scholar of great renown in Pennsylvania during the colonial era, and his heirs. Aside from the numerous political papers and family affairs papers, and the court records and Delaware records in this collection, Logan's letterbooks for 1701 to 1750 contain notations about economic activities of himself and his family members, and various account books and ledgers covering commerce in the early 1700s. Volumes marked "Dickinson Family Accounts" for the years 1729-1861 include much information about the prices of commodities, salaries of servants and hired labor, and business costs. Also in the Logan collection are papers of John Dickinson of Delaware, another prominent statesman and legal figure of the late colonial and Revolutionary era. Documents of interest to economic historians include house construction and repair for his home in Wilmington, notes about indentures and contracts, some business records, and miscellaneous business records. The Logan papers also includes the Elizabeth Furnace papers of Henry Stiegel, 1766-1775, a business in Elizabeth, PA. In addition, there are estate settlement volumes and loose documents for numerous individuals whom Logan knew, including some for merchants in Philadelphia and Wilmington such as Thomas Fisher, Isaac Norris, and others. A related collection, with some overlapping and complementary information is the Maria Dickinson Logan Collection, 1671-1890 (3 linear ft.). There are letters to and from John Dickinson, James Logan, and other prominent associates of both families. McCall Family Papers, 1764-1891 (750 items) include the correspondence, accounts, inventories, ledgers, insurance records, and other records of a general merchant, Archibald McCall, and international trader and brother, Samuel McCall. As partners they traded to South America, India, as well as Europe before and after the Mexican War and Civil War. A very large collection of commercial records is in the Charles Steuart Letterbooks, 1751-1763 (92 vols.). Steuart recorded his Norfolk, VA business dealings over this relatively short time period in meticulous detail, including prices and quantities of commodities, market conditions, ship crews and wages, captains' instructions, reflections on colonial currency, and much more. A treasure trove of southern trade materials. Smaller collections, Commerce: The Harry Pearce Collection, 1689-1836 (44 items) is primarily a collection of legal and general business papers, but includes many letters to merchant William Till of Philadelphia. [See Russell Family Papers, under "Banking"] The Wharton Family Papers, 1679-1834 (3 ft.) are an invaluable source for historians of commerce in the 18^th century. Merchant Thomas Wharton left letterbooks spanning 1752 to 1784. Brother James Wharton began in commerce, but moved into manufacturing rope as well, starting in the late 1750s; in numerous different partnerships with other Philadelphia merchants, James conducted trade to England and the West Indies. Numerous account books, journals of ventures, ship chandlery ledgers, general ledgers, correspondence and accounts with foreign merchants, and other documents are in this rich collection, covering years roughly 1753 through 1777. Thomas Wharton, Jr. continued in the manufacturing portions of family business until the early 1780s. Records for other Whartons during the Revolutionary and post-Revolutionary years are also in this collection. [check this collection -- entry is too vague so far] Related to the Wharton Family Papers is the Baynton and Wharton Letterbook, 1758-1760 (1 vol.), kept by John Bayton and Samuel Wharton, who trade widely to England, the British West Indies, Newfoundland, and the Chesapeake. Robert Wharton, Recordbook, 1793-1806 (2 vols.) contains wharfage accounts for the city during 1793-1795. Henry Pleasants Collection, 1693-1825 (125 items), is a mixed collection of business papers and commercial biographical information by this early 20^th century Philadelphian. Accounts of voyages to Europe to procure arms and goods for the Revolution, conducted in the partnership of Robert Morris, Jacob Winey, and Thomas Mason, 175-1776, and then disputed among the partners over the years 1776-1784. Other correspondence shows views of British individuals about the American Revolution from a mercantile point of view. Numerous other papers of Thomas and John Mason, 1693-1825, are in this collection as well. And the Commonplace Books of Israel Pleasants, 1789-1816, have numerous notations about the state of commerce and insurance. The prominent merchant, Thomas Laurence Papers, 1684-1759 (100 items), [finish -- what's in this collection?] Swift Family papers, 1716-1857 (400+ items) shows aspects of this families commerce with the West Indies in the 1820s and 1830s; most of the collection is personal in nature. John Rulon Papers, 1807-1845, 1861 (6 linear feet) elaborate the importing and exporting of this Philadelphia merchant who traded with India and China. Rulon imported wild animals during the 1830s, and was extensively involved in area connections with retailers as well as foreign merchants. Rulon did business with Nathan Dunn & Company when the latter was in China during the 1830s. Robert Henderson, Papers 1781-1805 (6 linear feet) show the commercial business of this Philadelphia-based merchant who acted as a partner in William Gardner & Henderson of Glasgow, and Robert Henderson & Company in Philadelphia. He dealt in indigo, rice, and tobacco from southern states, and grain from New Jersey, and became a member of the elaborate Scottish network of merchants and factors stretching along the entire Atlantic rim and lower Mississippi River. Overall, the collection is a rich portrait of expanding post-Revolutionary trade by diversified merchants. Isaac Harvey Papers, 1788-1856 (15 vols.). Includes a diary for the years 1820-1856, for this Philadelphia merchant; also includes a brief letterbook for 1788-1795 in Harvey's hand. Samuel Harvey Papers, 1771-1848 (400 items), cover the importing of this hardware merchant and banker in Philadelphia. Harvey was related by marriage to the Mark Freeman family of merchants. John Warder Letterbooks, 1776-1778 (3 vols.), show this merchant's trade with London at the onset of the Revolution, but who spent the war years in London. The volumes are exceedingly valuable because Warder, and his father Jeremiah Warder, had many connections to merchants in Philadelphia, and were able to send much news about commercial conditions in England, prices of goods in London, speculation in grain and other foodstuffs that was going on in England during the war, and general views of the Americans from abroad. Jeremiah Warder and his son John continued in commerce after the Revolution. The third generation, John H. Warder & Brothers, were commission agents for British firms from 1813-1837, and then as a sole proprietorship under John H. Warder. The Warders were related closely to the Hoskins and Pearsall families of Philadelphia by the turn of the century. In the Warder and Related Families Papers, 1747-1903 (300 items), there are numerous third generation account books, bills and payments ledgers, letterbooks for commerce. There are account books for the fourth generation, William S. Warder, during the 1820s, and a few family accounts over the years. All generations of the family also purchased land and speculated in its sale. Orr, Dunlap & Glenholme Letterbook, 1767-1769 (1 vol.). Though limited in time, the record of this company's commerce from Philadelphia in the last colonial years shows elaborate connections to far-flung places around the Atlantic World, prices and conditions of trade in an increasingly hazardous era for merchants, and comments on quality of commodities and correspondents abroad. Samuel Powell Letterbooks, 1724-1747 (3 vols.) covers some of the middle years of an important Philadelphia Quaker merchant involved in the "triangle trade" between the city, England, and the British West Indies. William Page, Diary, 1808-1812 (1 vol.), covers a portion of the business career of a Philadelphia merchant during turbulent Jeffersonian years. John Shaw Journal, 1799 (1 vol.), is a narrative of a voyage to Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and other ports of call, detailing the hazards of commerce and close encounters with French merchants. The collection also includes accounts of treatment of African American sailors and captured Americans in Tunis. William Barr Nash Cozens, Papers 1864-1871 (150 items) documents the accusations made against this Philadelphia merchant who had contracted with the army to make tents during the Civil War. James Weems Records, 1810-1831 (8 vols.) show the trade in tea and West Indies goods into Philadelphia, and exports from Delaware and southern states, in partnership with Richard Benson and Benjamin Rawlings. Letters, cash books, day books, and scrapbooks are included. Walter Franklin, Letterbook, 1772-1773 (1 vol.), shows this key New Yorker's merchant activities with Philadelphians John Pemberton and Thomas Lightfoot. Much of the correspondence delineates disputes between them. Gernon & Keating Papers, 1805-1829 (ca. 150 items), document the trade between Richard Gernon of France and John Keating of Philadelphia, primarily in wine and textiles. Michael Hillegas Letterbooks, 1757-1760 (2 vols.) give important insights into this merchant's activities before the Revolution and his job as treasurer of the Revolutionary government from 1775-1789. The former volume shows Hillegas as a prominent dry goods importer of textiles, spices, paper goods, and musical instruments on orders from other prominent city families. The latter includes records of loan office certificates during the Revolution, and financial affairs of the post-Revolutionary years. Anthony Kennedy Papers, 1781-1828 (150 pieces), shows some of the commercial activities of this Philadelphia merchant, especially regarding his switch to investing in land and international improvements such as roads and canals after the Revolution, as well as stock investments. Cropley Rose, Letterbook, 1779-1781 (1 vol.) This volume contains the letters of Rose Rose, a British wine merchant. These outgoing letters are to his correspondents throughout the Atlantic World, especially in New York and West Indian ports such as Kingston, Jamaica. The letters give prices of various qualities of Madeira wine as well as information regarding commission for sales. These letters act as a primer for one not familiar with the Madeira trade as they describe the qualities of wine, how one needs to pay for them and other such details about the mechanics of the trade. Other letters offer specifics of certain ventures such as the name and cargo of certain vessels and their destinations. These letters also give the price of shipping, duties, and port charges. There are also a significant number of letters from Rose to various agents giving them instructions. These instructions range from advice of how and where to dispose of wine, the correct price to receive as well as detailed assessments of current accounts. Occasionally, these letters detail delinquent accounts and offer directions on how to penalize and collect from these individuals. Perhaps the chief value of these letters to his colleagues, however, is that they detail business conversations and negotiations. The details from these conversations are often lost in account books, but in these letters Crowley gives reasons for his decisions and relates the negotiations that took place. The letters towards the end of the volume relate that Rose broke his partnership with a Mr. Cock because of difficulties that Rose does not fully elaborate on. However, in several of the letters Rose expresses disappointment and anger with Cock and explains that he will be securing a new partner. Another subject the letters address is market conditions. These letters analyze Rose's business and his prospects for future success. Others examine markets in various regions, the West Indies and North America specifically, and offer assessments of them. Prices for various commodities as well as wine are also often listed in the letters. Enough details concerning destinations, cargoes, contacts and markets are contained in the letters to provide a clear picture the business operations of this London wine merchant at the end of the eighteenth century. B. H. Devereux Letterbook, 1837-1843 (1 vol.), is an interesting collection of letters from Pernambuco, Brazil to his brother John Devereux in Philadelphia. Together their trade spanned most of the Atlantic World during the hard times of the 1830s, including commerce in sugar, whale oil, flour, eastern spices, coffee, etc. Peter Dewitt, Letterbook, 1794-1822 (1 vol.) gives another glimpse of the lumber dealing business of Philadelphia after the Revolution. Exports are enumerated, and customers abroad. Clement Biddle, Letterbooks, 1769-1770, 1789-1792 (2 vols.), show active trade in wheat and slaves with Maryland and Virginia before the Revolution, and securities brokerage afterwards. Current prices of stocks are included in the second letterbook, including enumerations of government securities, currency values, costs of defending the frontier, and evaluations of the public debt situation. Biddle was linked to post-Revolutionary New Yorkers such as Robert Gilchrist, Tobias Lear, George Lewis, William Roger, and a few traders in Maryland. In Biddle's Papers, 1743-1835 (200+ items), readers will find extensive commentary on his business with George Washington after the Revolution -- a result of Biddle's work as a commissary general of foraging during the war. The Wharton and Willing Family Papers, 1669-1887 (3 linear ft.) further elucidate the relations of Philadelphia's largest merchant families. Thomas Wharton was an important pre-Revolutionary merchant who went into exile during the war because of his Quaker pacifism; his papers are the core of this collection, dating over mainly 1752-1782. Thomas Willing's papers are concentrated in the following era, 1791-1887; he was a merchant and banker in Philadelphia, and involved in the Willing and Francis partnership of merchants. Other Willings were physicians and lawyers; many were speculators in western lands after 1800. There is a finding aid for this collection, but researchers are urged to sift through materials in person. Samuel Rowland Fisher was a Philadelphia merchant who left papers for 1767-1792. His connections were mainly to England, Ireland, Maryland, Virginia, and Charleston. Numerous orders for British goods are in this collection for the pre-Revolutionary years. Samuel Powell, Letterbooks, 1724-47 (3 vol.). This collection consists of three letterbooks that span the years 1724 to 1747. Powell (1704-1759) was a Philadelphia merchant and shipper. The three letterbooks are (1) 1727-39, (2) 1739-46, and (3) 1746-7. The letters commence with Powell's arrival with a vessel and a cargo in Philadelphia for the first time. His first letters are to a handful of individuals in London for which he will sell goods. Other letters reflect upon market conditions (including detailed price lists) in Philadelphia and the colonies in general and discuss the prospects for future trade. The letters indicate the necessity of having trusted correspondents in other ports since many of the letters are requests by Powell of his friends to make business inquiries for him. The letters reveal that Powell both traded on his own account, and on the behalf of others or in partnership. Many letters contain detailed lists of goods Powell ordered from London as well as the goods in his outbound shipments. Goods that he particularly traded in were tobacco and provisions as outward cargoes and manufactured goods including many types of textiles, household goods and tea as inward cargoes. His cargoes seem to have most often gone to London, Portugal and the West Indies. Some letters particularly discuss his plans to send vessels direct to London, or, if necessary, via the West Indies. Many vessels, captains and other merchants are named in the letters. Taken together, the letterbooks offer a narrative assessment of Atlantic trade through the first half of the eighteenth century. Letters not only offer broad assessments of future trade, but they also contain discussions of particular trading opportunities. The books would allow scholars to trace out the transatlantic connections (and their importance) of this Philadelphia merchant and his correspondents along the Atlantic Rim. The Elias Brown, Jr., Diary, 1801-1805 (1 vol.) divulges important information about Philadelphia's trade with Havana and New Orleans. Brown was probably related to Elijah Brown, Jr., and together both merchants were commission agents for others. There is extensive information about agriculture in the different regions they traded. John Cummins and Co. records contain correspondence of this Duck Creek, Delaware merchant partnership, which dealt in grain, flour, and lumber, during 1800 and 1812. Peter Hahn Papers, 1802-1834 (75 items), is some of the correspondence preserved for this merchant who traded with Liverpool and New York, especially for the later years of this era. James Stokes, Business Papers, 1783-1828 (4 vols.) document the dry goods importing of this Philadelphia merchants, including letterbooks for 1791 to 1800, 1804 to 1817, and ledgers for 1783 to 1828. Samuel Breck, 1771-1862 (2.5 linear ft.), documents this merchant's activities not only in trade but as a prominent citizen, educator, promoter of internal improvement projects, and other urban affairs. In the Samuel Breck Notebooks, 1800-1860 (21 vols.), researchers will find connections to numerous merchant families and social organizations in Philadelphia. The family was European and English until 1792, when they came to Philadelphia; thereafter, they became prominent in city life. Abraham DuBois Papers, 1792-1809 (about 150 items) contains the correspondence, bills of lading, and a few accounts for a Philadelphia merchant who traded with the West Indies. Jonathan Robinson Papers, 1815-1860 (60 items) document the dry goods and commission business of this Philadelphia man, including account books and financial records, journals, ledgers, banking records, and notes about retirement to a farm in Abington in about 1825. Samuel Parrish and Job Bacon, consignments for Calcutta, 1806-7 (1 vol.) relates a venture in Calcutta. The volume includes letters from Samuel Parrish and Job Bacon, super cargoes to Joseph L. Lewis & Company. A long letter from Joseph L. Lewis & Company details the company's objectives for the voyage and Parrish and Bacon's instructions. The letters mark the passage of the vessel from Baltimore to Maderia to Calcutta, and assess markets for a variety of goods and specie types in Calcutta. The letters express frustration with the low price of the dollar as well as high competition to secure return cargoes. The letters illustrate the difficulties factors encountered in following specific instructions due to changing market conditions. Also contained in the volume are the accounts of goods shipped from Calcutta by Samuel Parrish and Job Bacon, to a variety of Philadelphia merchants. The accounts show the goods shipped, the commission for the Cathrall, duties and loading charges. The goods included wine, textiles, include cotton, pepper, ginger, indigo, and rice. See other Parrish records in this survey. Francis & Relfe, Invoices, 1759-1761 (1 reel microf), show some of the business activitites of an early importing partnership, including sales of clothing and metal wares from Britain, and trade to the West Indies. Aaron Leaming Diaries, 1750-1777 (4 vols.), include many observations about the economic development of Cape May, NJ in the last colonial years, including farming and commercial conditions in this corner of the colony, exports of timber products and farm goods, and general observations about New Jersey's competitiveness in commerce. John Ashhurst, Estate Papers, 1699-1858 (2 feet), shows many connections to Manuel Eyre and his son, in trade. There is valuable information about commodity prices at the West Indies and Philadelphia during the early national years, as well as insurance rates. Related to the estate papers are the Ashhurst Family Account Books, 1796-1890 (6 vols.), which also include shipping and manufacturing connections to Manuel Eyre, Richard Ashhurst, John Ashhurst, and various Philadelphia-area merchants during especially 1805-1840. There are two other Ashhurst family collections of note at HSP. One, The Ashhurst Family Papers, 1797-1907 (3 linear ft.), is primarily a random compilation of internal family affairs over a long period. The other, The Ashhurst Family Papers, 1796-1890 (4.5 linear ft.) is more significant to scholars of the economy, as it contains Richard Ashhurst & Sons incoming and out-going commercial correspondence, 1804 to 1890, mainly with southern states. Additional numerous letters to and from Manuel Eyre also exist for 1796-1845 in this collection. Chaloner & White, Records, 1777-1792 (5 feet). John Chaloner and James White served during the Revolution as commissaries of purchase, and these records are primarily of their activities acquiring provisions for the Army. Post-war volumes deal with Chaloner's commerce to many Atlantic ports. James Claypoole, Letter Book, 1681-1683 (2 vols.) is a rare early look at a London Quaker immigrant's commercial business on the eve of migrating to Philadelphia. In the Hopkinson Family Papers, 1735-1863 (19 vols.) there are numerous important documents of Thomas Hopkinson, 1735-1747, who was an importing merchant in Philadelphia with connections mainly to English ports. In the next generation, Francis Hopkinson developed connections to prominent Revolutionaries who doubled as investors and merchants after the war. In the Crothers Family Papers, 1753-1935 (600 items) are numerous important links to merchant families in Montgomery County, PA, including the Poultney, Morris, Bartow, Dulles, and Dawson families; also included are numerous account book records with New York merchants in the Bartow and Crothers family who left Philadelphia to extend the family's influence during the 1750s. Willing Family Papers, 1761-1866 (6 linear ft.) include various documents of merchant and lawyer Thomas Willing, and a few related to his partnership with Robert Morris during the Revolutionary war. John Rulon Papers, 1807-1861, 4 linear ft., documents the commerce of this general merchant who traded to China, including his imports of wildlife and connections to the firm, Nathan Dunn & Co. Brief, but important, items about commerce between North America and London in 1665 are contained in the M. Jackson Crispin Collection, 1665-1814. Nautical Charts, 1790-1810. This collection contains maps of West Indies and more distant Atlantic islands, Gulf Coastline, Central America, and western Indian Ocean. The Letterbook, 1722-1723, 1729-1732 (1 vol.) of Thomas Forbes shows the activity of this London wine merchant with Philadelphians very early in the century. Goodson & Cart Papers, 1681-1761 (75 items) have some valuable accounts of Samuel Cart, a merchant of Philadelphia. John Stamper Letterbook, 1751-1770 (1 vol.) details a short period of West Indies trade before the Revolution. William Till Letters, 1735-1745 (1 vol.), are of a Philadelphia merchant with dealings through London to the West Indies and Europe. There is important mid-century information about prices, insurance rates, nature of markets, news about other merchants, and the like. John Hatkinson, a partner at times with Robert Morris, has left a Ledger, 1748-1758 (1 vol.) that has valuable supplementary information about commodities prices and international relations before the Revolution. The one-volume Diary of George Nelson, covers both the Revolutionary years 1780-81, the post-Revolutionary ones 1790-92, and reflect on the trading conditions of the Philadelphia region during both important segments of time. At the end of the volume are entries for the years 1790 to 1802, highlighting Nelson's foreign trade during the Napoleonic era. The Lukens Family Papers, 1759-1808 (3 vols.) document family details of German immigrants from the Luckens line since 1684. However, a few entries in the final volume related Quaker business concerns to Richard Wistar and the commercial community around Philadelphia. Edward Lynch Memorandum Book, 1795-1797 (1 vol.) shows aspects merchants' importation of cotton, silk, and other textiles after the Revolution. James Magee Papers, 1832-1852 (150 items) are mainly about international commerce, including ship manifests and accounts, a ledger book of 1832; New Orleans prices, and lists of import orders. The Keith family traded with the famous Pringle firm of London before the Revolution, and tried to settle accounts in 1782. A few pieces of important correspondence are in the Charles P. Keith Papers, 1699-1866 (100+ items). Some of the Kieth commercial affairs are also document; see other references to Keith elsewhere in this survey. Thomas F. Pleasants Journals, 1814-1817 (4 vols.), was a merchant involved in the cotton trade with New Orleans, who made at least one voyage -- documented in these volumes -- to the south during the War of 1812. Charles Cathrall, Papers, 1822-1835 (3 vols.), contain little information about economic affairs, but are engaging travel narratives of his voyages abroad in the later years covered. In the Paul Family Papers, 1783-1956 (6 linear ft.) the merchant activities of Thomas and Comegys Paul can be traced after the Revolution. The father and son were dry goods importers who by the 1790s held land in Philadelphia and Belvidere, NJ. A subset of this collection is the Thomas Paul Papers, 1783-1798, which focused on Belvidere commercial relations. John Brown Memorandum Book, 1762-1763 (1 vol.), shows the accounts of prize money paid to privateers, the records of captures, costs of outfitting and insuring privateers, and provisions supplied. William Hight Letterbook, 1795-1796 (1 vol.) is the correspondence of this middling Philadelphia merchant. Jones Family Papers, 1681-1861 (2 linear ft.), includes commercial documents for various generations of this family. Owen Jones, Jr.'s papers are most extensive, covering 1768-1802, and his partnership as Jones & Foulke. A larger Jones Family Papers, 1830-1919 (9 linear ft.) collection documents the links of Benjamin Jones, a merchant and iron manufacturer. His son, Andrew M. Jones, was a merchant who carried on the family importing from ca. 1829-1889. Both Jones's did business with the Brigg, Buckley, and Hewson families of merchants as well. William Pollard Letterbook, 1772-1774 (1 vol.) involves the commerce of a prominent Phildelphia merchant and this correspondents in the West Indies and southern colonies. Pollard not only traded extensively and kept up a lively communication about prices and markets; he also reflected often on international market conditions in these last colonial years. Samuel Richards Papers, 1787-1845 (350+ items), is a moderately sized collection that includes interesting material about Richards' timber exporting. Richards was both a land developer and merchant. John Mulhallan Hale Papers, 1837-1864 (1,400 items) include this merchant's accounts as a shipper, druggist, insurance broker, and Union military leader. Most of the documents are pieces of larger pictures of his trade, often only bunches of receipts and bills, with some correspondence interspersed within the collection. The Roset Family Papers, 1794-1857 (80 items) gives a small portrait of a Germantown dry goods merchant, Jacob Roset, Jr. It can be used in connection with other collections for comparative purposes. An interesting reflection on life in the early republic was written by Jacob Ritter, in his Autobiography, 1836 (1 vol.). Ritter was a merchant of German descent who travelled widely as a supercargo to West Indies ports, South America, Africa, and the far east Indies; he not only prospered during these years, but do so against great hazards, yellow fever epidemics, and international warfare and blockades. A rich recollection. Another autobiography was written by William Rotch, Memoir, 1814 (1 vol.) about earlier years from 1775 to 1794, mainly in the whaling trade. Like Ritter's, this one gives elaborate details about grueling hazards and encounters with foreign enemies, pirates, hostile whalers on the high seas, declining prices for fish. Rotch moved to Dunkirk in the early 1790s, when the whaling business began to decline and the American government did little to aid it; from there, he observed the French Revolution unfolding. Francis Rozier Papers, 1841-1857 (about 300 pieces), details the business of a St. Genevieve, MO merchant with Philadelphia importers. David H. Bowen and Son Records, 1839-1939 (6 linear feet) documents a cabinetmaker's business affairs down to 1848. Most of the records, however, date later than this, when Bowen became an undertaker. Cropley Rose Letterbook, 1779-1781 (1 vol.) includes correspondence of this wine merchant with his correspondents in Madiera and the British West Indies. Nathaniel Allen Ledgers, 1710-1752 (2 vols.), are for a Philadelphia merchant. Merchants Coffee House, Philadelphia, Minutes, 1818-1853 (1 vol.) contains observations of various gatherings at the Green Room over these years. Merchants Exchange, Philadelphia, Minutes, 1841-1868 (1 vol.) records interesting observations about how merchants perceived financial conditions in relation to international trade and government policies. Another place where merchants gathered at mid-century is detailed in the Commercial Rooms Association records, 1837-1880, which is a three-volume collection showing Philadelphia businessmen renting a room at the Philadelphia Exchange for discussion and general socializing, and formation of committees to affect legislation or study the effects of innovations such as steam travel. These records are in the American Business Records grouping of collections at HSP. Philadelphia Tea Records, 1769-1773 (1 vol.), is a small collection of papers related to the Imperial Crisis Tea Act and shipments of tea to North America. Official and Public records, Commerce: Port of Philadelphia. Exciseman's Account Book, 1739-1742 (1 vol.) Shipping Accounts, 1788-1792. Accounts for numerous ships (1 vol.) United States. Accounts, 1805-1836. Accounts of foreign commerce and various internal trade activities. (1 vol.) Custom House Papers, 1704-1789 (12 linear feet). This large collection contains Port of Philadelphia customs data that was required by federal legislation and city regulations. Although there is much information about vessels entering and clearing the port, cargoes and prices and duties, bonds and insurance, accounts of contraband and smuggling, protests of individual merchants about particular treatment, and more, the material covering pre-Revolutionary years is segmentary and unsystematically compiled. Researchers will want to spend time browsing through this very large compilation of varied documents in order to capture portraits for any given period of time. In the post-Revolutionary years, material is richer and easier to quantify, including the inward and outward entries of goods and ships for 1784 to 1789. U.S. Custom House Records, 1803-1873 (247 items), is a large number of shipping manifests for entrances and clearances at Philadelphia. Philadelphia Board of Trade Records, 1801-1942 (21 linear feet) is a large collection of documents including the original records of the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce, organized by city merchants in 1801, and the Board of Trade, which was organized in 1833 in order to expand the institutional economic protection for new interests appearing in the city. In 1845 the two groups merged, a sign of recognizing the mutual dependence of merchants and industrialists. Board of Trade records are organized by month, and within months by subjects raised in the monthly meetings. Board of Trade Minute Books date from 1833 to 1940. Chamber of Commerce records are present for earlier years: an Award Books for 1801-1808, which contains commercial arbitrations for merchants; a Letter Book for 1801-1826, mostly in the hand of Thomas Fitzsimons the Chamber's president; and a Minute Book, 1837-1846. The records also include numerous miscellaneous documents, lectures, conference proceedings related to taxes, money, and other economic affairs of the city. Port of Philadelphia, Bills of Lading, 1716-1772 (350+ items). This collection, though large, shows the activities of a select group of Philadelphia merchants over many years, especially their trade to the British West Indies. Port of Philadelphia, Bills of Lading, 1866-1869 (1,050 items) is a more expansive collection of importers' and exporters' trade, vessels, ship registrations, and other commercial activity. Used by Dunn and Bradstreet, the credit reporters, during the 19^th century. Port of Philadelphia, Record Books, 1796-1804 (2 vols.). These volumes are primarily records of bonds given by city merchants to guarantee that they would import what they documented to authorities, and pay the duties on imports. See also the C. Evans Hubbard Collection for the years 1794-1795, above. Port of Philadelphia, Register, 1741-1742 (1 vol.), is a record of entrances into the city, including names of vessels, cargoes, ports of call, captains, and other notes of interest about particular vessels. Port of Philadelphia, Registry, 1682-1686 (1 vol.), lists some of the arrivals to the port in these years, but is not complete. For study of indentures and redemptioners, HSP holds the Custom House Redemptioners Registry, 1774-1775, for the port of London, as well as a longer and later Redemptioners Registry, 1785-1831 (2 vols.) for German immigrants to Philadelphia. Pennsylvania, Ship Registers, 1722-1776 (21 vols.), is of limited value because the volumes simply track the completion and registration of ships by name of vessel and owners. Ships' Register, 1741-1742 (1 vol.) lists where Philadelphia ships were constructed, and for whom; registration material of weight, volume, and number of masts; owners and captains names; some manifests of cargoes outbound. But value is limited because the destinations of vessels are not given, and success or failure of voyages is not indicated. Pennsylvania Court of Admiralty Records, 1770-1804 (3 linear ft.), cover not only port admiralty records for 1770-1797, but also papers of Blair McClenachan, a merchant who helped fund the Continental Army, in partnership with Matthew Clarkson, 1777-1780; ships' logs for the Imperial, 1803-1804 and manifests and wage lists for other ships. Harrold E. Gillingham Collection, 1792-1855 (200+ items), contains a variety of U.S. Customs House documents, but especially interesting are the shipping manifests for importing distilled spirits, 1792-1805; lists of passenger arrivals from foreign ports, 1798-1829; Bates & Coates import records for cotton thread, 1855; and other commercial miscellaney of importance when used to the other collections. Dutch West India Company Papers, 1626-1834 (500+ items), is a large collection of business papers dating from the years of the company's activities in the western hemisphere, especially the 1660s. These are also known as the Hans Bantemantel Papers, named for the director of the company who produced many of the documents; this is half of the collection, obtained at auction from Amsterdam after the Civil War. The other half is at the NYPL. French West India Company Papers, 1712, 1744-1747, 1757 (50 items), contains not only numerous business affairs of the company but also geographies and maps of various regions of the West Indies. Ships Many of the commercial collections at HSP contain information about building, maintaining, outfitting, and insuring ships. Some collections are primarily about the construction and launching of ships, or specific orders for their engagements. For example, the Confederacy Papers, 1776-1779 (500+ items) shows the building of this vessel during the Revolution in Norwich, CN, by Joshua Huntington, and its launching in 1778. Papers document hiring of sailors, payments for supplies and food, payrolls, reports to the Connecticut government, and more. John Hughes Papers, 1725-1818 (400+ items) contains the shipping manifest for the "Royal Charlotte" coming from London in 1765 with large packages of stamps to fulfill the terms of the Stamp Act. The ship "Commerce," 1845, has left an entire account book in the James Magee Papers. The ship "Alliance," 1782 ledger, is in the American Business Records collection, and sailed around Jamaica and other British islands during the year, carrying coffee, rum, sugar, and logwood. The famous ships "Chesapeake," and "Leopard," which battled in 1807 are documented by the Stephen Decatur reports in the Daniel Parker Papers. Robert Waln's ship "Emila" is wrecked in 1811 and the insurance claims documented in his Papers, 1792-1825. Elaborate descriptions of voyages on ships from England to America by a prominent woman of Philadelphia, Ann Head Warder, are documented in particular volumes of her Diaries, 1786-1789 (14 vols.). John McNachtane Logbook, 1769-1781 (1 vol.), covers primarily the Revolutionary years, and the numerous vessels captained by this patriot, on the ships Sally, Neptune, Robert, and Hannah. "John" Logbook, 1799 (12 pp.), is a brief record of a trip from Philadelphia to Surinam. "George" Logbook, 1805-1806 (1 vol.), records slave trade to and from Jamaica, and the ship's capture by the British at Kingston. "United States" Log and Journal, 1784-1785 (1 vol.), discusses a trip to China, India, and Sumatra when this trade was very new. "Betty" Logbook, 1789 (1 vol.), sailed from Philadelphia to Port au Prince. In the same collection volume is a record of the ship "Charleston" trip from Newfoundland to New York. "Fair American" Papers, 1793-1794 (9 items), contains the letters of Andrew Clow and others who were merchants in Philadelphia, and their orders for this ship's voyages. There are numerous full account books, logbooks, ships records, repair and outfitting records, and the like in the Rodgers Family Papers, 1791-1885 (6 linear ft.), especially for the early 1800s to the War of 1812. "Atlanta" Invoice Book, 1809 (1 vol.) is really a record of two vessels with the same name, or two voyages of the same vessel, that sailed from Philadelphia to Puerto Rico. Invoices enumerate goods sent and received, with prices and condition of merchandize. Related to records of ships held by HSP are diaries of ship voyages. See, e.g., the following diaries within an 80-volume collection: Charles Graff, 1800-1823 Lloyd Jones, 1768-1820 William David Lewis, 1792-1881 Charles Longstreth, 1816 Daniel Mann, 1799-1800 James Oldden, 1781-1832 William Richards, 1781-1784 Edward Sayres, 1797-1877 Robert Simpson, 1788-1796 Transportation, Internal Improvements: Chew Family Papers, 1683-1896 (183 liner ft.) is a huge compilation of paper over many generations of Chews, primarily concerning land speculation and investment in canals, roads, and forges in Pennsylvania. Researchers will have to comb carefully through the boxes separated by generation, with overlapping decades of Chews from box to box, and numerous networks of family relations observable by cross-references papers in different parts of this unwieldy collection. The finding aid is only minimally helpful unless the researcher has particular names and places to search. Within the William MacPherson Papers, 1784-1865 (1000+ items) are some papers of this Harrisburg, PA official's activities with the Harrisburg Bridge Company and various city vendues of goods, 1815-1851. There is also correspondence with Joseph Wallace, 1788-1865 about business on the frontier. Gordon Chambers Collection, 1792-1823 (44 items), documents the origins and progress of two canal companies: the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation Co., and the Union Canal Co., and their directors and stockholders activities. Some engineering information is included, as well as lists of some very prominent Philadelphians who supported or opposed unifying the canal companies. Union Canal Company of Pennsylvania, Records 1792-1833 (10 vols.) resulted from the 1811 merger of the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation Co. (founded 1791) and the Delaware and Schuylkill Navigation Company (founded 1792). The stock transfers from the original companies to the new one, minutes of the original companies' meetings, subscription books, and the new Union Canal Co. minute books from 1811 to 1833. Lancaster and Schuylkill Bridge Company, Records 1811-1842 (over 400 items), includes the original charter and corporation records dating from 1811, extensive information about financing and engineering this single span project, lists of stockholders for the entire era, and numerous pieces of internal correspondence. Wurts Family Papers, 1824-1896 (3 linear ft.) chiefly consists of business papers before the Civil War of this Philadelphia family of four brothers who were canal promoters, dry goods importers, and late in life, land speculators in western property. Another Wurts Family Papers, 1845-1907 (6 linear ft.) collection elaborates on the canal investing activities of the brothers, though the entire collection of limited value beyond cursory pictures of their basic activities. Harrisburg Bridge Company Papers, 1812-1850 (125 items) contains plans and financing papers for the Susquehanna River at Harrisburg; includes stock sales information, repairs and tolls records, and some work records. One of the more interesting very early precursors of railroads in Pennsylvania was the Leiper Railroad, really a tramway built in 1809 to transport quarry rock. Until 1830, Leiper prospered from this second railway to be built in the U.S. The collection contains numerous maps. The Gordon Chambers Papers, 1792-1823 (44 items) document the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation Company and Union Canal Company affairs, supplement the records of the latter, above. The Transportation Line Record Books, 1798-1865 (11 vols.) include account books for the Philadelphia and Lancaster Stage Transportation Company, and records for the Western Stage Transportation Company. For turnpikes, see especially the Germantown and Perkiomen Turnpike Company Papers, 1764-1808, which contains information on a number of roads. For steamboats, see the papers of the famous inventor, John Fitch (50 items). The Roswell L. Colt Papers, 1808-1854 (1,200 items) originated in Paterson, NJ and shows the extensive land, public works, and building projects the family invested in. Colt was connected to the Bank of the U.S., Daniel Webster, and Nicholas Biddle. His brother John M. Colt was a textile manufacturer near Paterson. Samuel Colt, the famous arms manufacturer, was his cousin. Lewis Coryell Correspondence, 1806-1867 (700 pieces), shows the connections of this lumber dealer from New Hope, PA, with men of national stature and state-level politicians involved in internal improvements. Letters cover many forms of transportation and their creation, including early railroads. Baldwin Locomotive Works, Records, 1834-1868 (39 linear ft.). This large collection of company records contains extensive accounts, financial records, stock lists, construction and repair work, labor records, and many other business items mostly covering 1834 to 1855. In addition to local Philadelphia business connections, there are communications with the New York City branch of the railroad as well. Worrall Family Papers, 1724-1892 (8 vols. plus many loose items), includes materials related to the building of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and its condition in 1872; and numerous merchants' account books and papers, including Israel Thomas, 1813-1828; William and Edward Lane, 1745-1813; and others. Manufactures, Crafts: David S. Brown & Co. Records, 1828-1910 (204 linear ft.), includes the merchant records of three partnerships from 1817 to roughly 1859. J. & M. Brown was a merchant partnership started shortly after the American Revolution by two of David.'s brothers in Philadelphia, J. and M. Brown; David joined the partnership in 1817. A second partnership was formed in 1821 as Hacker, Brown & Co., and continued commercial business from Philadelphia. In 1830 the partnership of David S. Brown & Co. was formed, for which HSP holds numerous letterbooks, cash books, ledgers, receipts, sales notices and debt collection notices, invoice books, stock and sample books, accounts payable and receivable, journals, and more. Starting in 1840, Brown was Director of the Girard Bank, but left that post in 1844 to start up the cotton factory, Washington Manufacturing Co., in Gloucester, NJ; there are minutes, ledgers, payroll accounts, and rent rolls for roughly 1844-1895. The complex there was a large three-story cotton factory, plus boarding houses for single workers, mostly males. By the 1850s, Brown also built the Gloucester Manufacturing Co. to produce printed calicoes; there are ledgers and stock records for this company, 1868-1879. Brown then created the Gloucester Gingham Mills, put up in 1859 and incorporated in 1872; correspondence, supply orders, ledgers, and legal records stretch from 1871-1908. In the intervening years, Brown also started the Gloucester Iron Works in 1864 (business and labor records for 1873-1910); the Gloucester Print Works; the Gloucester Land Company; the Ancona Printing Company (business records and sample books, and stock disbursements books, 1877-1880); and various related mining and forgery concerns before the Civil War. Paschall Family Papers, 1705-1770 (6 vols.) are a mixture of documents, and include the account book of Stephen Paschall, 1735-1756, plus a malt and barley book of the brewer Thomas Paschall, 1705-1711, 1713-1728. Rosengarten and Denis Records, 1818-1853 (36 linear ft.) shows a glimpse into a partnership of chemists in Philadelphia. [what is in this?] The Friendship Salt Works of central New Jersey is briefly document in the Thomas Hopkins Journal, 1780 (1 vol.). A few letters of significance about the Panic of 1857, and the Civil War-era sugar refining business in Philadelphia, may be read in the William Morris Davis Correspondence, 1853-1879 (181 items). Penington Family Papers, 1764-1882 (9 linear ft.) come from a family of sugar refiners. Edward Penington and Edward, Jr. left extensive records about how sugar was made, customers and prices, marketing strategies, and other business affairs, mainly dating from the 1840s and 1850s. Amos Stiles Daybook, 1812-1821 (1 vol.) shows activities of a wheelwright from Morrestown, NJ and his relationships with the retailers and wholesalers of the community. The account book has numerous notations about various people in town. Caspar Wistar was a brass button maker, New Jersey glassworks manufacturer, and Philadelphia merchant. In the Wistar Family Papers, 1717-1848 (150 items), scholars can recover aspects of his trade in letterbooks, 1733-1737, and 1732-1754; glassworks account book information, 1743-1769. Caspar's son Richard continued the Salem glassworks during the 1750s and 1760s, and his grandson Thomas continued as a merchant in Philadelphia from at least 1783 to 1848. There are some letters about the yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia in 1798. The material is in German Charles Vollmer Ledger, 1860-1864 (1 vol.), reaches beyond the scope of this survey but gives valuable information about this cabinetmaker's business at the end of the antebellum era. John Fitch Papers, 1763-1798 (50 items), give a valuable glimpse of a craftsman in Bucks County who made clocks, buttons, and silverware, as well as his involvement in building a steamboat. Ledgers and Daybooks for 1773-1776 detail a maturing business on the eve of the Revolution. A weaver's ledger is also included in this collection, detailing the work of Jonathan Delany, 1799-1828. Another collection, the Jonathan Meredith Tannery, 1784-1800 (2 linear ft.), is a singularly important compilation of this business's operations from start to finish: acquisition of leather and bark, operation of the machinery, recruitment and wages of workers, marketing and sales, and more. Elaborate networks of purchases and sales are shown in the records, and a few important qualitative observations about the nature of the tanning business are also in the collection. The C. Schrack Company Records, 1823-1933 (250 vols.) is a very large collection of a manufacturer who produced and marketed varnish and paint after 1820 in Philadelphia. Relatives in the Stulb family continued the business after 1854. Researchers will find dozens of account books, letter books, debt and credit journals listing relations with a web of business connections, stock books after 1840, and many other business records post-dating the Panic of 1837. [I need to look at this!] For scholars who wish to know about the business activities of Benjamin Franklin, the HSP holds the Benjamin Franklin Papers, 1747-1794 (3 linear feet), which detail household and printing accounts, 1747-1766, in numerous volumes, and his letters and papers about business affairs for 1750-1783. There is also a photocopy of his will, with references to business activities, for 1790. Other papers cover political, diplomatic, and travel affairs of this important American. Manuel Eyre, Account Books, 1798-1838 (3 vols.). Eyre started the first white lead factory in Philadelphia, and was a prominent merchant to Jamaica, where he acquired coffee and wine, before that. The collection has numerous receipts, bills payable, notations, and other detailed information; a farm day book, 1831-1835, and lead factory cash books, 1831-1838. See also the American Business Records collections at HSP, and entries for Hagley and Winterthur. Samuel Scott, Collection, 1818-1909 (3 linear ft.) contains records of the Gloucester Manufacturing Company. This company, operating in New Jersey, manufactured calico in the second half of the nineteenth century. Much of this collection contains documents from the period after 1860. Among these items are several legal documents that describe the land purchased by the Gloucester Manufacturing Company from the Ancona Printing Company, as well as the title for the land. The collection also includes a manuscript copy of the original acts of incorporation for the company from the state of New Jersey. The remainder of the documents from before 1860, including some correspondence, apply to a meeting with the mayor's office over the actual extent of the Gloucester Manufacturing Company's land. Henry Benners, Diaries, 1857-1879 (2 vols.) was a glass manufacturer in Philadelphia. The Weirs Family Records, 1830-1860 (7 vols.) portray the blacksmith business of Robert and Uriah Weirs in Christiana, DE. This is a very good collection of a small antebellum business. Lovering Family Papers, 1817-1868 (150 items) includes important business papers of a sugar refiner, Joseph S. Lovering, in Philadelphia. The Loverings owned Hope Farm, near Wilmington, DE, which is represented by receipt books and accounts for 1860-1868. Samuel M. Fox Correspondence, 1838-1841 (50 items) details the brickmaking business of this Philadelphia man. The Emanuel Hey Papers, 1866-1896 (75 items) have some earlier accounts of the Hey yarn manufactory. In the Moses Hey Papers, 1817-1868 (78 items) are further pieces of correspondence and company records, though much of the collection is more about Hey's views about the Union during the Civil War. There are numerous titles at HSP -- which are supplemented in collections at Hagley and Winterthur -- about one of the first successful manufacturing societies in post-Revolutionary America, the Pennsylvania Society for the Encouragement of Manufactures, dating from 1804 to 1827. Many of these are addresses from the board of the Society which report on activities to public audiences. [add Wetherill mss. stuff too] The Sigmund H. Horstmann papers, 1851-1864 show business of importers and manufacturers in this family, and their production of military uniforms and flags for the Civil War. Numerous household accounts are also included for later years, covering roughly 1865 through 1890. These papers are included in the Lippincott Family Papers, 1814-1950 (ca. 2,000 items). The George F. Lee Papers, 1820-1893 (3000 items) contain information about bricklaying in Philadelphia, and construction work on one of the first gasworks in the city. The family leaders George and Franklin Lee had factories in numerous frontier New York towns before 1845. Philadelphia Sugar Refining Company, Records, 1816 (1 vol.), offers a snapshot glance at the start-up of this manufacturing enterprise. There are few references to economic affairs, per se, in this volume, but some information about the size and scope of production. Brown Family Papers, 1788-1915 (6 linear ft.), contains documentation of the business activities of this very prominent Philadelphia textiles manufacturing family. The Browns are linked to the Waln and Wistar families as well. The most relevant part of this collection covers the Moses, Jeremiah, and David Sands Brown affairs, 1810-1840. David Bentley Receipt Book, 1822-1857 (1 vol.), shows the work of a Philadelphia coppersmith and regulator of weights and measures. Thomas Butler Memorandum Book, 1844 (1 vol.) gives a glimpse of this Philadelphia tinsmith's work. Thompson Family Papers, 1607-1903 (16 linear ft.), contains primarily commercial and iron plantation records for the years 1740-1840. Jonah Thompson, a Philadelphia Quaker merchant and manufacturer kept extensive financial records for his nail and machinery manufactures, 1783-1829. His son George expanded operations, and added the Pennsylvania Salt Co. to family business, and other involvements in iron, potash, salt, and copper, 1831-1876. A third generation, John J. Thompson, built up the iron industry by adding steam power, additional machinery, and transportation connections after 1830. This collection also contains numerous account books and letters for other prominent Philadelphia merchants that are surveyed separately as well. For example, there is an Abel James account book, 1765-1868; Henry Drinker papers, 1771-1783; petitions and letters about international improvements in Pennsylvania; Hanover Furnace records, 1793-1838; copper mining records for Bridgewater, NJ, 1831; and various others. Researchers are urged to scan this collection with care because of the large number of additional materials that are valuable contributions to the main collections of these individuals and enterprises. The Jones Family Account Books, 1810-1874 (17 vols.), is a large collection of two generations of iron merchants from Burlington County, NJ who owned the Hanover Furnace and the Mary Ann Forge. Begun as the partnership, Jones & Howell, Benjamin Jones continued the early business from roughly 1810 to 1849, and executors of his estate continued operations into the 1850s in his name. Andrew M. and Benjamin W. Jones, his two sons, continued the forge's production, in various partnerships to 1871. The collection is a veritable treasure trove of account books, labor records, correspondence with suppliers of manufactory parts and local suppliers of food and household supplies to the "iron plantation" in Burlington. Merchant records for Harvey Beck, a Philadelphian, are included in this collection as well, for the years 1821-1843. For information about the printing trade see the Papers of Benjamin Franklin, 1747-1794, listed above. See also the records of Robert and Francis Bailey, 1794-1865, a printing firm. Within the huge Lea and Febiger Collection, 1785-1871 (100 linear feet) are the papers of Matthew Carey and Company, starting with the printing and publishing records of 1785, and continuing in later years with bookselling records. Carey and Co. published a wide variety of works, those of special note being about the political economy of the new nation. Records for John C. Clark and Matthias Raser, 1817-1831, and for John C. Clark and Co., 1831-1857, printed and bound numerous works for Philadelphia organizations and institutions. The HSP also holds many economic records of booksellers, including the Boinod and Gaillard Papers, 1777-1795 (77 items); the William Cobbett Papers, 1792-1835 (500 items); the Samuel Campbell Collection, 1790-1876 (85 items); and William Young Correspondence, 1792-1827 (about 1050 items). In addition, there are a number of engravers' accounts in the Sartain Family Collection, 1830-1897 (15 linear feet); the Christian Gobrecht Papers, 1795-1844 (about 100 items) - which details work at the U.S. Mint by this official engraver; and the John Neagle Papers, 1824-1861 (4 vols.), which has information about a number of engravers in Philadelphia. For glassworks, see the Caspar Wistar Records (1730-1800) (150 items), which was in Salem County, New Jersey. Banks, Insurance, Brokerage: Biddle Family Papers, 1688-1883 (33 linear feet). In this massive collection spanning numerous generations of a significant Philadelphia family's affairs, scholars will need to sift carefully for papers of interest about the early economy. Papers of Charles Biddle, and his sons Edward, William S., and Richard, deal primarily with matters of real estate investment. Those for Nicholas Biddle, however, are more closely related to the economy, especially banking, for the years 1800-1863, and include extensive correspondence with numerous early national figures of national importance. The remainder of the papers, which were penned mainly by Nicholas's son, Charles J., are political and personal, as well as observations on the Mexican War and the Civil War. Researchers should puruse the finding aid at HSP for more details. See the Nicholas Biddle Papers, below; and the Clement Biddle Letterbooks, HSP, under commerce above. A separate Nicholas Biddle Papers, 1799-1846 (650 items) collection reveals more about this financial leader of Philadelphia. Although most of the papers are not directly about Bank of the United States affairs, Biddle made regular sharp observations about the Bank's affairs and the general state of the economy during the 1830s and 1840s. William Bingham Papers, 1777-1917 (69 linear ft.), is important to researches about the early American economy for two reasons. One is Bingham's activities as a financier. Many of these papers pertain to land purchases in Maine, efforts to sell portions of his holdings to foreigners in England, Holland, and France; and letters with other prominent statesmen who invested in these northern lands. Bingham held lands in New York and Pennsylvania with many of the same early national statesmen; after the 1850s a great deal of dispute over ownership and value of than holdings errupted, and is documented well in the collection. In addition, Bingham's business with Thomas Willing, 1777-1779 and 1783-1784 is covered in this collection. [finish this!] Thomas A. Biddle, Business Records, 1771-1837 (12 feet), is a wide-ranging collection of business papers and account books, including provisioning accounts from 1771-1786, equipment acquisition lists, trade with England during the war, privateering activitites and prizes taken, prices current and import records for the Revolutionary period, and commentary related to banking in the early republic. In the next batch of record books, covering 1787-1837, there are numerous valuable insights about foreign trade, banking, insurance, and internal improvements. Biddle and his associates were actively engaged in manufactures, municipal institutions, bridges, water works, and stock brokerage. See relationships to Manuel Eyre, John Keith, Robert Willing, Robert Waln, Taylor & Newbold, John Cox, Edward Tilghman, and many others. Additional Thomas A. Biddle records (see above) include his Stock Certificates, 1804-1866. Although he died in 1857, family members continued to draw the divident payments for canal, bank, insurance, mining, road, and railroad stocks. A further Thomas Biddle Collection, 1776-1857 (3 linear feet) contains brokerage firm letters and accounts of the family. Yet another Thomas Biddle Collection of Family Papers, 1776-1876 (176 items) contains Nicholas Biddle Papers, 1824-1842, concerning banking, especially the Second Bank of the United States. For other documentation of the Biddle family see other Biddle entries above under commerce, and papers of the Second Bank of the United States at HSP; Burton Alva Kondle, "A Life of Nicholas Biddle," 1928 (1 vol.); and various other papers with links to the Biddle family noted in this survey. Colonial and Continental Paper Money, 1723-1786 (ca. 1000 items), is a mixed collection of paper money samples issued over these years. The Bank of Pennsylvania Records, 1790-1831 (150 items), include important information about stock shares in the bank, correspondence of directors, and an interesting manuscript about an alleged bank robbery in 1798 by Patrick Lyons. Another portion of the Bank of Pennsylvania, the Reading Branch, is in the American Business Records collection. Minutes of the directors' meetings for 1808-1841 are here, and include valuable information about loans made and employees salaries. In the Robertson Family Papers, 1787-1889 (60 items) are letters of James Robertson, President of the Bank of the U.S. during the 1840s, and his brother-in-law and Philadelphia merchant, Robert Smith from 1787 to 1816. Another Simon Gratz Collection, 1677-1910, 150 linear ft., (see also "Commerce") contains numerous miscellaneous papers. Of special importance for this survey are the United States Bank papers, 1805; Bank of North America, 1813-1814 papers; and James Rumsey papers on the building of the first steamboats. In the Henry Gratz Papers, 1762-1921 (50 items) are stock certificates for some Philadelphia-area transportation projects, 1811-1831; scrip paper money, 1837-1839; French Assignats, 1792; stock accounts, 1864. Bank of Pennsylvania Minute Book, 1793-1842 (1 vol.), is a record of stockholders, lists of officers and directors. Useful in connection with other documents about this and other banks. Fire Insurance Company of Philadelphia County, PA, Records, 1832-1844 (2 vols.) shows the scale and nature of this small organizations operations. Marine Insurance Records, 1804-1805 (1 vol.) is a brief look at the operation of different insurers, the vessels and owners involved, and captains assigned to voyages. Insurance Papers, 1726-1900 (1500+ items) is a collection of primarily individual policies of various sorts, especially for commercial and real estate transactions and holdings. Numerous fire insurance claims are filed for the 1790s to 1850s, and a few insurance subscription books, including that of Levi Hollingsworth for 1784-1788. [what else is in this?] Schuylkill Bank Minutes, 1840-1843 (1 vol.), concerns the dissolution of banking by Hosea J. Levis, of Philadelphia. Lewis Family Papers, 1774-1940 (3 linear feet) include a number of papers linked to the Wharton & Lewis insurance business, and a Phoenix Mutual Insurance Company minute book, 1852-1876, and the company dividend book, 1856-1877. This collection links to the John Nixon Papers, under Commerce above. The Bank of Germantown Ledgers, 1822-1855 (8 vols.) documents the business of this important locally-chartered bank in Philadelphia during years that John Fanning Watts was cashier, 1814-1847. HSP has 9 journals of the Pennsylvania Company for Insurances on Lives and Granting Annuities covering 1849 to 1879. After 1836 the company's main business was executing trusts, but there are some account books included as well. Another volume of the Pennsylvania Company for the Insurance on Lives and Granting Annuities, Letters, for the 1890s is in the American Business Collection. Washington Mutual Insurance Company, Records, 1838-1870 (4 vols.) Farmers and Mechanics Bank, Deposits, 1841-1846 (1 vol.) In the Charlotte White Collection , 1801-1886 (4 vols.) are the commonplace books of Elizabeth Webb (1801); Thomas Shipley, hardware merchants (1827-1834); and Samuel Richards Shipley, salesman (1846-1859). Alexander Lardner Account Books, 1830-1847 (9 vols.) are records of a Philadelphia stock broker. For information on the Clark, Dodge, and Co., a New York banking firm, and its correspondence with the Clark Company of Philadelphia, 1845-1847, see the E. W. Clark and Co. Papers, 1837-1948 (425 items). Uselma C. Smith, Collection, 1688-1899 (1000 items). The most important parts of this collection, from the point of view of the present survey, are the records of William Jones, first president of the Second Bank of the U.S., and then a steamship company owner and collector for the Port of Philadelphia. James Gibson Papers, 1712-1846 (2.5 feet), is a large collection spanning many generations and covering numerous topics. One important part of the collection is the correspondence of publishers and booksellers Mathew Carey and Thomas Lea, 1824-1846, under different partnership names, and their correspondence with a variety of writers, book dealers, and statesmen around the country. There are also numerous land records of Robert Morris, John Nicholson, and James Gibson during the early republic years, and their efforts to found settlement groups for migration to western Pennsylvania. More important for economic historians will be the accounts of Revolutionary War financiers and treasurers in this collection, including auditor general letters for 1777, disputes with Congress's Board of the Treasury in 1780; lists of Congressional loans, 1780; contractors' documentation of agreements with Robert Morris to supply the army in 1780-1781; suppliers' claims against Congress for payments; and numerous unresolved disputes stated by individuals. In addition, the collection contains colonial-era passports for trade granted from France and Spain for American merchants. Also, there are numerous agreements among Philadelphia merchants to refuse local IOU's and bills of credit from individuals, and to take only specie in payment of debts, 1766. John Nicholson Letterbooks, 1795-1798 (7 vols.) document some of the business affairs of this leader of banking initiatives in Pennsylvania and nationally, especially those of his partnership with Robert Morris in an era when both men are running into difficulties in speculation and debt repayment. [put with Morris stuff] The John Nixon Papers, 1707-1845 (6 linear ft.) has letters to and from this merchant and banking leader (first president of the BNA) in the final years he was active in commerce, including insurance policies dating from 1806. John Sergeant Papers, 1783-1897 (2 linear ft.) records activities with the Bank of the United States, 1806-1831; reflections on shifting tariff policies and banking regulations; state of the currency; issues related to internal improvements, especially canals from 1821-1828. William Wilson Papers, 1802-1840 (100+ items), is a conglomerate of various banknotes, bonds, notices about the condition of currency, checks, bank correspondence, and the like. There are pictures of the Gloucester Iron Works dating from a later period, too. The Henry Ewing Accounts, 1844 ( 1 vol.) is a small glimpse into the Philadelphia Stock Exchange's dealings with the public. A few items of interest about Nicholas Biddle are in the Augustus James Pleasonton Diary, 1838-1844 (1 vol.). Russell Family Papers, 1760-1869 (3 linear ft.), documents the finance and commerce of William, George, and Thomas Russell, primarily in the post-Revolutionary generation. Letter books relate the French Revolution as it affected international trade from America; risks of trade with French and Spanish West Indies possessions; the rising level of depredations from foreign privateers during the Napoleonic Wars; accounts with the Bank of the United States and other local banks in the early 1800s; and stock certificates with various banks during the 1820s. There are numerous account books, waste books, journals, and other commercial records for William Russell in the first two post-Revolutionary decades. This is a rich collection that has been ignored by scholars. Meredith Family Papers, 1756-1888 (65 linear ft.), cover four generations of family members' various occupations and household affairs. In the first generation, tanner Jonathan Meredith left numerous waste books, day books, ledgers, cash books, letter books to suppliers and merchant importers over the years 1772 to 1803. Numerous bank books for the Bank of North America, Bank of Pennsylvania, and Bank of the United States show extensive deposits of small sums over 1787-1818. In the next generation, one of Jonathan's sons, David Meredith became a merchant and moved to France, where he lost most of his inheritance. The collection includes David's bank books, letter books, day books over the years 1787-1818. Papers of other family members in this second, and the third, generations include extensive banking and insurance papers, and investments in different area railroads before the Civil War. There are numerous single volumes from businesses and merchants in Philadelphia with whom the Merediths communicated in shipping, banking, and insurance. [See also Jonathan Meredith Tannery, at "Manufactures"] Fire Companies of Philadelphia Record Books, 1742-1872 (170 vols.). This very large collection of the records kept by various city fire companies over a long period of time also includes numerous accounts of insurance costs, equipment costs, and the labor organization of the companies. Some companies left 8 to 22 volumes of business accounts and documents; others left barely one volume. Included in the collection is the register of insured risks of the Consolidated Insurance Company. See the front part of this collection for a complete list of all volumes included. Pennsylvania Population Land Company Papers, 1792-1834 (about 1000 items), is primarily about western land matters, but there are also some important documents pertaining to post-Revolutionary finance. Correspondence and bank papers of John Nicholson and Tench Francis, president and treasurer of the land company and involved in banking are present for 1792-1806; copies of stock certificates for 1794-1801; and various financial agreements of early national Philadelphians are also in this collection. Bank of the United States, Pennsylvania, Trusteeship Papers, 1828-1865 (275 items), concerns mainly the ending of the Second BUS's operations, payment of its debts to stockholders, lists of bank assets in land and holdings of other banks, and the like. Bank of the United States, Pennsylvania, Papers, 1840-1855 (6 linear ft.), include liquidation papers of 1841, and subsequent sales of its property, stock transfers and sales, reports of its various departments, and the like. Bank of the United States, Pennsylvania, Papers, 1814-1866 (8 linear ft.), covers mainly 1841-1853, after the bank's end, especially the disposing of real estate assets, as well as extensive communication with other banks in the Midwest. Bank Records, 1789-1849 (36 items) is a mixed collection of protested notes brought by various individuals to various banks in Philadelphia, mainly during the 1790s and very early 1800s. The collection is useful in conjunction with other banking records. Banknotes, 1787-1863 (ca. 1000 items), is a wide-ranging collection actual notes issued from various locations, in numerous denominations, at many different times -- and is thus a cross-section of currency and note issues down to the Civil War. Notes issued by improvement enterprises are heavily represented -- including canals, turnpikes, steamboat, milling, and others. Counterfeit notes are in this collection as well, as are notes of the southern Confederacy and southern civil war states; numerous private notes issued as currency; and some representative notes from the French West Indies and Mexico. Philadelphia National Bank Records, 1804-1956 (30 linear ft.), are primarily concerned with 20^th century business affairs in the city, but a few sub-files are of interest to economic historians of earlier generations. One body of records dated 1803-1868 would prove valuable for examining internal company proceedings. There are some useful early records, as well, for the Mechanics National Bank dating in the 1824. Bank of North America Records, 1780-1923 (150 linear ft.), shows the origins and chartering of the first bank established in the country when it was chartered by the Continental Congress in 1781. The collection includes minute books and letterbooks for this entire period, including the Revolutinary War, though minutes of the board of directors meetings are often brief, and stockholders' meeting minutes are kept in numerous hands over the years. Internal affairs, as well as communications to the national government about quantities of specie available and regulatory legislation, are both included. Miscellaneous documents related to the personal and bank affairs of Robert Morris, Thomas Willing, John Morton, Henry and John Nixon, John Nicholson, and many others of prominence in city business life are also in this collection. This very large collection has a valuable finding aid for locating individual documents. Information about banks and banking communities are found in the Thomas A. Biddle Records, 1771-1837 (12 linear feet), which is surveyed in the commercial section above. The Clement Biddle Letterbooks, 1789-1792 also comment on the Bank of the United States, listed above. The Robert Morris business records, 1769-1836 (250 items) include information about early national banking and Morris bankruptcy examination by city officials. For a later period, the E. W. Clark and Co., 1837-1948 (425 items) papers show banking and brokerage activities in Philadelphia, and funding by the company of the Mexican War and early railroads. Clark and Co. did business with Clark, Dodge, and Company of New York City banking, 1845-1857. There is much of interest about maritime insurance in the Clifford Family Papers, 1772-1832, above, which contains numerous policies listing goods, insurers, values, and comment on the dangers of commerce. In the Jones and Clark Papers, 1784-1816, scholars will find numerous policies and commentaries on trade with the West Indies and Europe. Additional marine insurance policies are in the John Nixon Papers, 1707-1845, above, who was also the first president of the Bank of North America. For additional information about insurance see the William Till Letters, 1735-1745 (1 vol.), which contains policies for West Indies, English, and other ports. The Henry Pleasants Collection, 1693-1825 (125 items) includes many notes on insurance affairs. The HSP's very large collection of over 1,500 items in the Insurance Papers, 1726-1900 covers a long era of policies about urban real estate in Philadelphia. Scholars should consult the Insurance Company of the State of Pennsylvania Records (1794-1804) for letters on marine insurance difficulties and negotiations. Toward the end of the era surveyed in this study are the Frankford Mutual Fire Insurance Company Records, 1843-1885 (1,100 items), which contains numerous real estate, building, and house properties descriptions in outlying wards of Philadelphia. The Fire Insurance Company of Philadelphia County, Record Books (1832-1841) (1 vol.) includes ledgers of Jacob Holckley for the company's surveys. For a combination of both fire and marine insurance, see the Philadelphia Insurance Company Records, 1814-1845 (1 vol.) Forges and Furnaces: Grubb Family Papers, 1834-1869 (6 linear ft.) includes correspondence of two brothers, Clement B. and Edward B. Grubb over this era. It also covers some of the affairs of the St. Charles Furnace, 1854-1861, the Henry Clay Furnace, 1852-1853; the Manada Furnace, 1837-1862; the Chestnut Hill ore works, 1851-1865; and other mining and forge works. See also the Furnace and Forge section outlined below, for other collections related to the Grubb family business. The Grubb Family Papers, 1730-1950 (12 linear ft.) are mainly concerned with the iron mining enterprises of generations of Grubbs, especially Peter and Curtis before 1750. In the post-Revolutionary business papers, there is extensive information about running the iron furnaces and supplying the workers in Lancaster County, PA. A small collection, The Grubb Family Papers, 1707-1856 (40 items) complements these other papers. See also the entries for Grubbs in the Winterthur and Hagley sections of this survey. The Mary Ann Furnace and Forge, Account Books, 1827-1838 (27 vols.) is a very large collection of account books, daybooks, receipts, blasting records, pig iron book, cordwood book, provisioning records for workers, and many company memos during these years of operation. An iron furnace at Trough Creek, Huntington County had close connections, and the two operations were partly owned by John Savage. Cordorus Forge Papers, 1738-1861 (45 items) includes primarily land and property deeds for this York County site. R.D. Wood & Co., was a foundry in Cumberland, NJ. The Papers, 1858-1905 (15 linear ft.) go beyond the scope of this survey, but provide a valuable linkage of the pre- and post-Civil War years. Joseph M. Paul Papers, 1810-1829 (40+ items), document some of the business affairs of a Quaker who acted as agent for three Embree brothers in Tennesee who owned the Pactolus Iron Works. George Bollman, Papers, 1784-1803 (7 vols.), demonstrate the activities of a Pennsylvania merchant and ironmaster at the end of the eighteenth century. Included in the collection is a letter book for the year 1803, including much discussion of national and international politics as well as family affairs. In one letter to a T. Roosevelt, Bollman thanks Roosevelt and Latrobe for their investment in his rolling mill. Other letters offer more details about Bollman's iron works, including employment issues, how to raise funds, ways to save on waste at the foundry, and the possible use of a steam engine. Other letters discuss trade to Europe. While the letters do not discuss many details, they do acknowledge the failure of a voyage to London and the losses sustained. Four of the volumes in this collection pertain to the attempt by two Puerto Rico based merchants, Matas and Labat, to collect on their insurance policies on the loss of the ship Theresa, carrying rice and rum bound for Havana. Of these volume three are in Spanish and a third, large volume, is the eighteenth century translation from Spanish. Much of the volume relates to discussions of the level of damage sustained by the vessel and the narrative of the storm which destroyed the vessel. Other items translated into the volume are statements made by the captain and the supercargo on board the vessel. Finally, the volume contains a translation of the vessel's logbook. Levi Morris Papers, 1836-1845 (250 pieces) continues the portrait of the iron foundry's business into the next generation. [See also Thompson Family Papers, under "Manufactures."] HSP has various small collections involving iron and copper mines, forges, and furnaces, many of which cover the late colonial and revolutionary periods. Often, the collections contain ledgers for paid work, acquisition of supplies and food, sales of raw and processed ore, business with lumber dealers and real estate agents, and at times there are observations about the role of forges and furnaces in the larger national economy. Researchers can complement HSP records with Winterthur and Hagley collections as well. Important sources at HSP include: Berkshire Furnace Records, 1767-1793, 21 vols. Richard Blackhouse & Co Records, 1779-1780, 2 vols. New Pine and Hopewell Forges, 1741-1765, 3 vols. Birdsborough Forge, Berks County, PA, 1798-1800 Caroline Furnace, 1855, 1 vol. Castle Fin Furnace Records, 1826-1863, 45 vols. Charming Forge Records, 1763-1819, 20 vols. Chestnut Hill ore Bank, Records, 1756-1870, 4 vols. Cordorus Forge and Ore Bank, Records, 1802-1861, 10 vols. Colebrooke Furnace, Berks County, PA, Records, 1791-1891, 109 vols. Colebrookdale Furnace - Rutter, Potts, Morris, Lewis, and other family records included, 1735-1801, 8 vols. Mount Gretna works, 2 vols. Conestoga Furnace, 1830-1883, 3 vols. Cornwall Furnace Records, 1764-1911 - including Grubb connections - 136 vols. Coventry Iron Works, Chester County, PA, 16 vols., 1727-1796 Durham Forge, 1744-1749 - including James Logan connections - 1 vol. Elizabeth Furnace, Lancaster County, PA, 1762-1832, 16 vols. Elk Furnace Records, 1775-1792, 6 vols. Grubb Family Papers, 1814-1869, with extensive connections to Hopewell, Mount Vernon, Mount Hope, Cordorus, Manada, and other forges. 2.5 linear feet Hopewell Furnace, Berks County, PA, Records 1765-1817, 50 vols. Manada Furnace Records, 1836-1856, 3 vols. Manheim Glassworks Records, 1763-1773, 3 vols. With William Stiegal correspondence. Martick Furnace Records, 1818-1832, 11 vols. Mary Ann Furnace, 1734-1838, 47 vols. Pottsgrove Furnace, Pine Forge, and Elk Forge records, 1762-1800, 3 vols. Middleton Forge, 1849-1861, 1 vol. Mount Hope Furnace, 1 folder Mount Pleasant Furnace, 1737-1796, 4 vols. Mount Vernon, 1742-1824, 10 vols. Pequa Furnace, Records, 1736-1833, 7 vols. Philadelphia Forge, 1749-1807, 11 vols. Pine Forge, 1730-1800, 23 vols. Popadickon Furnace, 1744-1764, 5 vols. Potts Family Papers, 1738-1888, 40 vols. - see other entries for Potts as well Reading Furnace Records, 1793-1857, 31 vols. Robesonia Furnace, Pig iron works, 1 vol. Roxborough Furnace, 1756-1760, 1 vol. St. Charles Furnace, 1854-1880, 2.5 linear feet Schuylkill Furnace, 1790-1826, 15 vols. Seram Forge, 1767-1771, 2 vols. Speedwell Furnace, 1784-1882, 55 vols. Spring Furnace, 1765-1852, 39 vols. Springwell Forge, 1804-1805, 1 vol. Schocken Furnace, 1757-1760, 1 vol. Tulpehocken Furnace Journal, 1744-1749, 1754-1756, 2 vols. Union Forge Records, 1783-1795, 13 vols. Warwick Furnace, 1747-1773, 13 vols. Retailing, Shopkeeping, Small business, Agricultural enterprise: For an interesting portrait of a businessman who turned his talents to numerous economic activities in the town of Brokenstraw, Warren County, Pennsylvania, see the Irvine-Newbold Family Papers, 1776-1956, for the antebellum years. William A. Irvine started various enterprises, including a lumbering business, general store, wool factory, iron foundry, farm, local development projects, and a blacksmith shop. A family biography was written by Nicholas B. Wainwright in 1964. Thomas Roberts Account Book, 1767-1810 (1 vol.) includes information about running three farm estates, in Bristol, 1767-1810, in Southwark, 1786-1796, and in Germantown, 1768-1771, 1776-1782. Richard Wood Diaries, 1801-1821 (14 vols.), show a Quaker merchant's store business in Greenwich, New Jersey, as well as Wood's extensive landholdings in the area. Daily farming routines are documented elaborately, including orchards, tanning, butchering, harvesting, recruiting tenant workers, ordering goods in Philadelphia, etc. Cox-Parrish-Wharton family, Papers, 1600-1900 (9 linear ft.) is a very large collection that contains extensive information about the economic affairs of three related Quaker families. While much of the material is not relevant to this guide, some documents address economic matters. For example, within the correspondence is a printed list of Philadelphia merchants trading to Africa in 1755. Additionally, the collection includes a large number of other volumes that researchers should peruse for commercial connections that are not outlined here John Parrish, Ledger, 1766-1797 (1 vol.) This ledger records a variety of sales and charges for labor, incluing dry goods such as household wares, blue and white china, brooms, bricks nd other items used for house construction such as glass for windows. Additionally, several entries indicate that Parrish's workers engaged in brick-laying and related activities such as the setting of stoves, etc. Customers paid Parrish with cash, goods, or services. John Parrish, Ledger B, 1773-1778 (1 vol.) This ledger contains accounts with a variety of individuals to whom Parrish supplied boarding for houses. These entries include charges for hay and oats, stall workers, sale of spirits, wine, and dinners. Isaac Parrish, Receipt book, 1761-1811 (1 vol.) and Isaac Parrish, Receipt book, 1826-7 (1 vol.) contains lists of goods to be shipped on various vessels, especially to Richard Neave, a merchant of London on account of the firm Mitchel and Parrish. Goods included textiles such as silk, felt and mohair; "fine bow strings;" various types of buttons, linings, and needles; and furs. Finally, the other entries in the volume relate to everyday purchases of household items, the collection of various rents and the payments of various taxes and accounts. See other Parrish entries under Commerce and Manufactures entries. Fry and Rambo Papers, 1843-59 (ca. 200 items) This collection contains a variety of bills an receipts of Jacob Fry and James F. Rambo, both of whom were Montgomery County storekeepers. The partnerships represented by the various receipts are: Fry and Rambo, Rambo and Miller as well as those for Fry and Rambo as individuals. Transactions are mostly for the purchase of goods from other merchants by the partnerships mentioned above in significantly large quantities. The wide range of merchants from whom they purchased goods shows that they bought much of their stock from specialty merchants (some from general merchants), but they themselves sold a wide-range of goods. Many of their purchases are from the partnership of Eckel, Spangler & Raiguel of Philadelphia. Goods purchased include, tea, coffee, molasses, spices, various imported textiles, spermaceti candles, buttons, liquor and ceramics including china. The various receipts indicate prices for goods and show the volume of goods that Rambo and Fry sold. The partnership Fry and Rambo was heavily involved with the purchase of a large variety of specialty textiles including muslin, linen, and cambric. Other items of note are several receipts from printers recording the cost of printing advertising and price circulars. Finally two accounts with specific merchants are included in the collection. An account for 1842 of Rambo and Fry with Conrad Roberts lists hardware purchases, the date and amount, but offers no description of the hardware purchased. An 1843 account with John Patterson & Son lists the purchase of various foodstuffs; sugar and molasses are the most common entries. The papers in the collection are divided into folders by year. Jacobs Family, Papers, 1681-1838 (500 items) Principally, this collection includes the papers of John Jacobs, member of Assembly for Chester County; Joseph Jacobs, saddler, merchant; Israel Jacobs, weaver, member of Congress, 1791; Isaac Jacobs, mayor of Philadelphia, 1767-68; and Benjamin Jacobs, surveyor. The papers include several ledgers and other manuscripts books as well as loose correspondence, bills, receipts and other documents. See the many details in this collection pertaining to agriculture, retailing, and stocks, bonds, and insurance. (1) Manuscript volumes. Joseph Jacobs, Ledger, 1755-6 (1 vol.) This ledger of a saddler and merchant of Philadelphia, records goods Jacobs sold, including saddles, saddle bags, bridles, saddle cloths, bits, reins, and stirrups. Jacobs also mended saddles and bridles. Jacobs' customers, including many prominent area residents, paid him almost exclusively in cash. Benjamin Jacobs, Ledger, 1765-75 (1 vol.). This Jacobs kept a farm that sold mainly wheat; he also purchased seed and foodstuffs. Of particular interest and value, are several accounts with workers, including an indenture agreement, and clothing given to men to fulfill the settlement of the contact, and accounts with agricultural workers. Jacobs' farm produced wheat and workers, cut hay and wood. Several nonagricultural accounts are for weaving. Jacobs compensated his workers with a combination of goods including portions of the harvest, cash, and the settlement of their debts with other individuals. Finally, several accounts indicate the rental of slaves for their labor. John Jacobs, Day Book, 1784-1818 (1 vol.) This volume is, in fact, an account book kept by Jacobs, another family saddler who sold saddles, bridles, bits, and other similar leather items, textiles, tobacco, and various forms of clothing. Accounts with a supplier of hides are also included in the ledger. As with Joseph Jacobs, many of the payments to John were in cash with the balance in other goods, particularly hides or services. Finally, accounts in this volume also relate to the employment of labor to perform agricultural work, harvesting and threshing of wheat and cutting hay. Jacob's Family, Descendent Accounts, 1777-1816 (1 vol.) This ledger contains various agricultural accounts for an unknown member of the Jacobs family, and then for an executor of a family estate. Workers received cash, goods and portions of the harvest for their work cutting hay, reaping wheat and rye, and threshing. The volume also includes payments to workers for their weaving, chopping wood, and sales of agricultural and dry goods. Joseph Jacobs, Records, 1768-75 and Estate Auction of Benjamin Jacobs, 1775 (1 vol.). The Estate Auction of Benjamin Jacobs is of some value to those interested in household possessions of the late eighteenth century; the volume offers detailed price information for a wide-range of household goods, surveying tools, wheat, and livestock. (2) Other documents. The documents in three bound volumes pertain to a wide-range of individuals, but most center on the activities of the Jacobs family. Many relate to commerce, including bills of lading for goods shipped into or out of Philadelphia by Joseph Jacobs; transactions of flax seed and indigo sent to Dublin; beer sent to New York and Charleston; and other ventures. Accounts with individuals show purchases of household items such as ceramics and saddle equipment; there are also bills and receipts for saddles and related leather goods, several bills of exchange and accounts for the interest on bills of exchange and various bonds that also detail interest accrued in various time periods; and finally, a partial account for an eighteenth century lottery. Thus, they offer scholars detailed information concerning the cost of borrowing money in the eighteenth century and ways in which individuals received credit. John Hatkinson, Ledger 1748-58 (1 vol.) is an account book kept by Philadelphia retailer and partner of Robert Morris, John Hatkinson. The book shows that Hatkinson sold a variety of goods. The most common of these was relatively small quantities of sugar. However, he also sold textiles of various types, shoes, housewares, and plenty of rum. He received many payments in cash, or he simply carried debts over on credit. On several occasions, Hatkinson's customers paid their debts in labor. Most transactions in the ledger are for small in nature. The Christopher Marshall Papers, 1709-1797, 4 linear ft., document especially life in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary war, when Marshall was a druggist and supplier. See the Daniel Parker Papers and Stephen Collins Papers, above, as well. The Besson Family Papers, 1718-1806, 1806-1884 (75 items) show retail business in Philadelphia of a French immigrant family, including Anthony and Marie Louise Vernier Besson. Some of the collection is in French. Thomas Fletcher Letters, 1806-1855 (275 items), show the enterprise of a goldsmith and jeweler in Philadelphia. For the years 1810-1831, Fletcher was in partnership as "Fletcher & Gardiner." Norwich and Callowhill Markets, Philadelphia, Records, 1784-1845 (1 vol.) is a small compendium of minutes to meetings about the markets' obligations, regulations, and general operations. Shipbuilding during the early national era is well documented in the Joshua Humphreys, 1682-1835, Records (20 vols.). Humphreys was a naval contractor for the American government, and these records include accounts, letters, ledgers, nay yard mast books, and shipbuilding documents for the "United States," the "Constitution," the "Franklin," and other ships. For other shipbuilding records, see the William Jones and Samuel Clarke Records, above. The account books of Wood & Bacon, 1787-1824 (3 linear ft.) come from the general retailer David Wood of Greenwich, NJ; there are daybooks, ledgers, invoices, and ciphering books included, especially for the 1790s. Nathan Trotter and Company, Correspondence, 1825-1859 (100 items) show some of the business affairs of this Philadelphia copper and tin merchant, especially the orders placed to the company. William Parsons Papers, 1723-1751 (7 vols.). This is a fairly large collection of an Easton, PA jack-of-all-trades who was a sheriff, surveyor, shoemaker, dyer, and other things for his local community. Business records are all in one volume of accounts, 1723-1726. David Evans, Account Books, 1774-1812 (1 microf. Reel), documents the sales of a furniture retailer in Philadelphia. William and Levi Garrett Account Books, 1795-1807 (3 vols.) document some of the daily business of Philadelphia tobacco merchants. The Murray Family Collection, 1837-1853 (150+ items), includes letters to and from Joseph D. Murray and his son, Thomas, of New Hope, about business conditions during this period. The two generations of lumber dealers did most of their business with local canal companies, including the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company in the late 1830s. Samuel Morris Business Records, 1740-1811 (3 vols.) cover some of the farming activities and financial investments of a prominent Philadelphia who relocated to the countryside. Some commercial business is covered in the first volume. The Samuel Buckley Morris Diaries, 1845-1868 (4 vols.) may be a family continuation of the farming and banking investment activities of the previous Morris documents. John Price Diary, 1831-1847 (1 vol.) was a Chester County farmer who kept detailed information about prices, crop conditions, costs of improvements, and more. Joseph Price, Papers, 1783-1828 (50 vols.) is a large collection of books recording the weather conditions, farm work for the neighborhood of Lower Merion Township, PA, carpentry Price did as bespoke work, and harvest books. George Dillwyn, Account Book, 1793-1820 (1 vol.) This account book, kept by George Dillmyn, contains accounts of rents he collected. Dillwyn owned a significant amount of property in Philadelphia and the surrounding areas including Germantown. Tenants mostly paid their rent in cash, but some paid it in good or services. The back of the volume contains listings of debtors and their debts as well as a map of some of his possessions. George Dillwyn, Estate Account Book, 1820-22 (1 vol.) This volume includes the accounts of Dillwyn's estate. Entries relate to the collection of monies from his debtors and cash payments to settle accounts with his creditors. The amounts of money involved in the transactions reveals the value of his significant estate. John Cox, Diary, 1808-46 (3 vol.) is a four volume diary that has several applications, including observations about relationships of weather conditions to business and cultivation; community business events; and prominent community members' business careers. Since Cox recorded the weather each day for a forty year period, agricultural historians may be able to use the diaries to gauge rainfall and environmental conditions in the fist half of the nineteenth century. John Cox, Jr., Ledger, 1756-80 (1 vol.) Cox, Jr., a resident of Morristown, NJ, sold a wide variety of goods including shoes, liquor, wine, and household goods. However, many other entries reveal that much of Cox's income came from sharpening shears and axes as well as mending wheels, producing new (horse) shoes, gate hinges, and chains. Finally, other entries are for notary services such as the writing of wills, and other contracts. Customers paid Cox in a variety of ways including by cash, credit and in goods such as hay, corn and coal. It appears that Cox owned slaves; "Negro" births are listed at the front of the volume and there are notations next to some entries revealing that the smith work was done by a "negro" worker. The Sherborne Family Papers, 1798-1899 (40 items) is miscellaneous collections of several Philadelphians' economic involvement. There is a farm account book from Somerset, England, 1798-1803, for William Sherborne, who was later a Philadelphia baker. Later generations of Sherborne's were cabinetmakers and merchants. Mills: Thomas Canby Daybook, 1770-1788 (1 vol.), continues records kept at DHS and Hagley about this important Brandywine valley flour milling family. The Walton Family Papers, 1809-1868 (100 items) includes cashbooks, receipts, and financial records of two Waltons, David and Silas, who conducted a grain business in Morristown, NJ early in the century. A large collection, though not related to the James Logan papers, are the Logan Family Business Papers, 1808-1836 (23 vols.) as well. This post-Revolutionary collection documents that activities of George Logan's Stenton farm, 1809-1813, and Stenton Mill, 1816-1823; Sommerville farm, 1809-1836; Loganville grist mill, farm, and sawmill accounts, 1819-1824; and numerous other day books, journals, account books, and cashbooks. There is scattered corroborative information in the Deborah Norris Logan Diaries, 1815-1839 (17 vols.), wife of George Logan, some portions of which have been published. John Hugh, Account Book, 1714-1762 (1 vol.) gives information about this grain miller living near either Burlington or Trenton, NJ. A paper mill was established at Rockland, DE, by William Young from Philadelphia. The William Young Family Papers, 1800-1850 (100 items) have miscellaneous documents related to its operations, but should be used with other paper mill materials. In the Willcox Family Papers, 1704-1895 (6 linear ft.) are records of a paper mill, the Ivy Mills, in Concord, PA, and three generations of Willcox manufacturers who produced paper for the government's paper money. Mill books cover the years 1788-1841, and have valuable information about hiring, wages, and working conditions for the company's hired labor. These and collateral documents in the collection also show the owners' relationships to paper dealers, suppliers of cloth rags and importers of machinery, and extensive bills and receipts for 1724-1837. The same collection has ledgers, daybooks, account books, bills, and correspondence for the innkeeper Nathan Edwards, who owned the Black Horse Tavern, at Middletown, PA. The documents cover roughly 1729-1784. Henry Morris Papers, 1822-1825 (4 vols.) cover just a few years of an iron and brass manufacturer's business, but the correspondence with the company's clients, shipment of coal to the foundry, and sales of manufacturers to retailers give an important glimpse into an early Philadelphia enterprise. Horatio G. Jones, Historical Sketch (1 vol.), is a close look at the construction of the Rittenhouse Paper Mill in 1863, and earlier efforts at manufacturing paper in the Phildelphia area since the 1690s. A mill constructed in 1690 by William Ryttenghuison, a Dutch immigrant to the area, is recounted in the "Sketch." Details about paper production are offered by the author, but may be somewhat uninformed. Households, Domestic Economy, and Professional Services: The Wharton Family Papers, 1813-1886 (2 linear ft.) are mostly private family letters and legal papers of many different family members, but there are some valuable servants' wage accounts covering 1854-55 included as well. See other Wharton entries in this survey. Lukens Family, Papers, 1759-1808 (3 vol.) is a valuable small collection. In Volume 2, are several letters on the business and domestic economy. For example, one letter between family members describes the sending of small pieces of jewelry and corn and other seeds. Several letters discuss the payment of various mortgages and the purchase of items such as window glass. The correspondence from Richard Wistar of London relates to the purchase of plots of land in Virginia. John Woolman Papers, 1669-1830 (29 items) is a small collection of a Quaker minister's household accounts, accounts as a dry goods deal for local Mount Holly, NJ customers during 1752-1798, and daybook as a local tailor, 1743-1746. There are numerous collections of Shippen Family Papers at HSP covering the colonial and national years of numerous generations of this important family and its collateral relatives. One collection, of 21 linear feet of papers from 1749-1899, give valuable family, household, legal, and professional background to economic and business affairs of the Shippens. Another collection, of 16 linear feet of papers from 1701 to 1856, are valuable for their insights into westward movement during the colonial era, military and trading developments on the southern frontier near Spanish territory, and papers related to the legal training of Shippen family members. A third collection is related more closely to economic affairs of the family. The Shippen Family Papers, 1749-1860 (200 items), include a letterbook for (William) Allen & Turner, merchants in Philadelphia, for 1753-1770; volumes of records for the iron manufacturing and copper mining enterprises of the Shippens and Turners; and extensive correspondence with David Barclay & Son of London, dry goods merchants who actively traded to Philadelphia during the Seven Years' War. Edward Shippen left papers related to his finances after 1800. Christopher Marshall, Papers, 1773-1793 (9 vols.), is mainly diaries of a Philadelphia medical practitioner who kept accounts with Congress during the Revolution and kept a drug store afterwards. The business of medicine is well documented in this individual's records. Household accounts for provisions of Joseph Fearon, a Philadelphia tallow and candle merchant, cover 1783-1809 (1 vol.) Tax lists can be found in some of the HSP's collections. For example, in the Owen Jones Papers, 1696-1867 (3 linear feet) are Robert Wharton's records of taxes for poor relief, county taxes, and city taxes, 1800-1808. Servants and apprentices records are in various collections at HSP. See, eg., James Hamilton's Records, 1745-1773 (2 vols.), which includes numerous certificates of indenture at mid-century, as well as lists of servants taken by the British without compensating Pennsylvania masters, during the Seven Years' War in 1757. In the Miscellaneous Government Records, 1664-1950 (72 vols.), are numerous small files that are of relevance to many economic history scholars. Laws of the state government and various of its agencies are to be found here; Delaware, Montgomery, and Chester County records; canal records; overseers of the poor and orphan records; and small runs of tax records.